An Analysis of Verses 5–7 of Surah Ar-Rahman in Light of Current Scientific Findings
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
55:5 Surah Ar-Rahman
The sun and the moon are governed by a precise calculation.
اَلشَّمْسُ وَالْقَمَرُ بِحُسْبَانٍۖ
Al-Shamsu wa’l-Kamaru bi-husban
There are many manifestations of the Sun and Moon moving according to a measure, but one of the most beautiful examples is the “Metonic Cycle.” This cycle is a design of our Lord. Its duration is 19 solar years or 235 months. Every 19 years, on the same date, the moon is in the same phase; for example, if on January 21, 1978, the moon was in the “waxing gibbous” phase near the full moon, it will next be in the “waxing gibbous” phase near the full moon on January 21 exactly 19 years later, in 1997. How might this cycle be indicated in the Quran? There is a sign in verse 5 of Surah Ar-Rahman, but another sign is hidden in the verses where the words for “sun” (shams) and “moon” (kamer) appear together. These two words appear together in a total of 19 verses, which are, in order: 6:96, 7:54, 10:5, 12:4, 13:2, 14:33, 16:12, 21:33, 22:18, 29:61, 31:29, 35:13, 36:40, 39:5, 41:37 (in this verse, they appear twice each), 55:5, 71:16, and 75:9. These two words appear together only in these 19 verses. Their 19th joint occurrence is in verse 75:9, where Almighty Allah has commanded the Sun and the Moon to be brought together “in a subtle manner,” as if pointing to a measure.
75:9, Surah Al-Qiyamah
When the Sun and the Moon are brought together.
وَجُمِعَ الشَّمْسُ وَالْقَمَرُۙ
Wa-jum’a’a’sh-shamsu wa’l-qamar.
The words “sun” (shams) and “light” (nur) appear exactly 33 times each in the Quran. If we consider that the Moon reflects light from the Sun, we can see that there is a subtle measure here as well.
91:2 Surah Al-Shams
And the Moon that follows it,
And the moon when it follows it,
Vel kameri iza telaha
There is a great miracle in this verse. The Sun’s bending of the fabric of space-time to pull the Earth and the Moon along is expressed in the Quran as “the Moon following the Sun.” There is never any contradiction in the Quran.
There are massive black holes at the centers of galaxies. These massive black holes possess gravitational pull strong enough to draw in billions of stars.
Now you will witness a great miracle of the Quran: Almighty Allah has pointed out in the Quran the Sun orbiting the black hole at the center of the galaxy, our Earth orbiting the Sun, and the Moon orbiting the Earth. He has indicated this in two verses using specially chosen letters: “Kullün fi felekin”
36:40, Surah Yasin
It is not fitting for the Sun to overtake the Moon, nor can the night precede the day. All of them are moving within an orbit.
لَا الشَّمْسُ يَنْبَغ۪ي لَـهَٓا اَنْ تُدْرِكَ الْقَمَرَ وَلَا الَّيْلُ سَابِقُ النَّهَارِۜ وَكُلٌّ ف۪ي فَلَكٍ يَسْبَحُونَ
Leş şemsu yenbegi leha en tudrikel kamere ve lel leylu sabikun nehar, ve kullun fi felekin yesbehun
21:33 Surah Al-Anbiya
It is He who created the night and the day, the sun and the moon. Each of them is moving in its own orbit.
And He is the One who created the night and the day, the Sun and the Moon; each one moves in its own orbit.
And He is the One who created the night and the day, the sun and the moon; each one moves in its own orbit
The phrases “night and day” mentioned in the verses refer to our Earth. In Qur’anic terminology, when “night” and “day” are mentioned together, they refer to our Earth. In both verses, after mentioning the Sun, the Moon, and the Earth, Almighty Allah states, “each one in its own orbit.”
‘كُلٌّ فِى فَلَكٍ’ ‘kullun fi felekin’ ‘each in its own orbit’
Now let’s examine this phrase;
The first thing that stands out is that this phrase consists of three words.
Let’s break down and write out the Arabic letters that make up this sentence:
ك ل ف ى ف ل ك
If we consider their Turkish letter equivalents:
K L F Y F L K
Kef, Lam, Fe, Ye, Fe, Lam, Kef
The letter Ye is in the center, like a mirror image
The letter Y, symbolizing the Black Hole in the center, is flanked on both sides by the letter F, symbolizing the Sun (it is, of course, no coincidence that the symbol for the Sun is the letter F; there is iron at the center of stars and, naturally, the Sun). At the same time, the continuous nuclear fusion reactions in stars culminate in iron—the most stable atom in the universe—and iron, depending on the star’s size, causes it to explode, transforming it into a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole. The scientific symbol for the element iron is Fe, flanked on either side by the letter L (Litos, Lithium, meaning stone, rock, or soil), which symbolizes the Earth, and on both sides, at the very end, by the letter K (the symbol for the Moon is also L, but it has a black hole symbol in the center), which symbolizes the Moon. When we break down the Arabic letters that form the phrase “each has an orbit,” you will immediately see that reading this phrase from the beginning and from the end yields the same result. There are a total of 7 letters. Three of these letters are positioned on either side of the single letter “ى.”
As can be seen in the image below, three letters are positioned one to the right and one to the left of the ‘ى’ character. This means that these three letters revolve around the ‘ى’ character.
The single dot in the sun symbol represents the Earth revolving around the Sun. Essentially, we can symbolize the beginning and end of a star with only three atoms: Hydrogen (H), Helium (He), and Iron (Fe). When our Almighty Allah created the universe, the first atoms to form—hydrogen atoms—came together through gravitational attraction. Once they reached sufficient mass, they fused through a nuclear fusion reaction and began to transform into helium. This transformation releases the Sun’s energy. For this reason, every verse of Surah Shams—the 91st surah in the Quran, which means “Sun”—ends with “He.” This is a great miracle; the probability of this occurring by chance is astronomically low. Our Sun contains only H and He; since it is not large enough, other atoms cannot form. In sufficiently massive stars, nuclear fusion reactions continue, sequentially producing hydrogen (H), helium (He), carbon (C), neon (Ne), oxygen (O), silicon (Si), and finally iron (Fe). Since iron has a very stable structure, the fusion reactions stop here; gravitational forces can no longer be balanced, and the star begins to collapse inward and eventually explodes, transforming—depending on its size—into a white dwarf, a neutron star (Tarık Star), or a black hole. But it is the element Fe—iron—that triggers the explosion and initiates the transformation process. Iron is at the center of both stars and planets. In the Quran, Almighty Allah has placed iron at the center; the 57th Sura (114/2 = 57) is the Sura of Iron, situated exactly at the center of the 114 suras. For this reason, our Sun—which is a star in the Quran—is represented by the letter “Fe” (ف).
Fundamentally, the Sun, Earth, and Moon are matter and energy, while a black hole signifies the end of matter/energy. In the Arabic alphabet, the final letter is also the symbol of the black hole—namely, the letter ‘ى’—representing the end of matter. For the black hole, we can refer to the “essence” or “mortar” that constitutes matter or marks its end.
The wisdom behind the fact that the phrase “Kullün fi felekin” reads the same whether read forward or backward in Arabic is as follows: Our Milky Way Galaxy is in motion through space, floating within Dark Energy; if viewed from one direction, it rotates clockwise, but if viewed from the exact opposite direction (imagine a three-dimensional perspective, such as looking from the front and back of the Galaxy), it will rotate counterclockwise.
The Sun, Earth, and Moon are represented by these letters. So, around which celestial body do the Sun, Earth, and Moon revolve? In other words, what does the letter ‘ى’ describe?
ى
The letter ‘ى’ represents the black hole at the center of our galaxy (Sagittarius A). The massive black hole at the center of our galaxy, due to its gravitational pull, forces billions of stars within our galaxy to orbit around it—including, of course, the Sun, Earth, and Moon.
The Moon orbits the Earth, and the Earth orbits the Sun. The Sun, in turn, orbits the massive black hole at the center of our galaxy. In fact, these three celestial bodies are all orbiting the black hole.
When astronomical knowledge is matched with the order of the letters, the letter (ك) (K)—which is farthest from the letter Y—must represent the Moon. By the same logic, the letter (ل) (L) represents the Earth, and the letter (ف) (F) represents the Sun. In terms of their distances from the letter (ى) (Y), which corresponds to Sagittarius A, this is how the order should be. In fact, insha’Allah, we will soon see clearly that this order and the selected letters were specifically chosen by Almighty Allah.
The Abjad values of the letters representing the Moon, Earth, Sun, and Sagittarius A are shown in the image below.
What are Abjad values?
In the Arabic alphabet, every letter has a numerical value. The Abjad system was also in use during the time the Holy Quran was revealed. In the Quran, there are patterns arranged with a mathematical knowledge that is clearly beyond human capability, as indicated by the Abjad values. I will, insha’Allah, write about these miracles in my future articles. When calculating the Abjad values of words, the letters that make up the word are separated, the number corresponding to each letter is found in the table below, and the numbers for all letters are added together. The resulting sum gives the Abjad value of that word. During the time the Quran was revealed, letters were also used as numbers.
Sagittarius A (Black Hole) rotates only around itself: 10
The Sun rotates both around its own axis and around the black hole: 10 + 80 = 90
The Earth rotates around its own axis, around the Sun, and around the black hole: 10 + 80 + 30 = 120
The Moon rotates around its own axis, around the Earth, around the Sun, and around the black hole: 10 + 80 + 30 + 20 = 140
140 + 120 + 90 + 10 = 360
A full rotation corresponds to 360 degrees. In a very subtle way, Almighty Allah has indicated that a full rotation is 360 degrees through the Abjad values. Each one orbits in its own path—“Kullün fi Felekin”—and each completes 360 degrees in one rotation.
The statement in the fifth verse that the Sun and the Moon follow a calculated course—given that our Sun is a star and our Earth is a planet—can be applied, in a broader sense, to all astronomical phenomena.
A solar eclipse is also evidence that the Sun and the Moon are governed by a specific calculation. During a solar eclipse, the Moon—which is much smaller than the Sun—completely blocks the Sun. The reason it can completely block the Sun is that the ratio of the Moon’s distance from Earth to the Sun’s distance from Earth is approximately the same as the ratio of the Moon’s radius to the Sun’s radius—about 1/400. If this ratio were not so precisely calculated and so closely matched, a total solar eclipse would never occur.
Total Solar Eclipse
There can be total and partial solar eclipses. During a solar eclipse, the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun. The image below is not to scale; it is for demonstration purposes only.
36/40 of Surah Yasin
It is not fitting for the Sun to overtake the Moon, nor can the night precede the day. All of them are floating within an orbit.
لَا الشَّمْسُ يَنْبَغ۪ي لَـهَٓا اَنْ تُدْرِكَ الْقَمَرَ وَلَا الَّيْلُ سَابِقُ النَّهَارِۜ وَكُلٌّ ف۪ي فَلَكٍ يَسْبَحُونَ
Leş şemsu yenbegi leha en tudrikel kamere ve lel leylu sabikun nehar, ve kullun fi felekin yesbehun
As I mentioned earlier, there are multiple miracles in this verse: 1) The miracle of “each one moves in its own orbit” (“Kullün fi Felekin”); 2) There is an emphasis on the Moon following the Sun, and this is a miracle because the Moon follows the Sun (it would not be appropriate for the Sun to catch up to the Moon); the Moon is drawn along behind the Sun by the Sun’s gravitational pull. 3) It points out that the entire Solar System is bathed in light, except for the parts of the planets and their moons that do not face the Sun—those that remain on the far side. (Night cannot take precedence over day.) These are clear miracles for those who possess knowledge.
The Creation of the Solar System and a Reference to the Solar and Lunar Calendars
With the Sun’s first appearance in the Solar System, the darkness of night vanished, and the light of day began. The reference to “the darkness of night” in verse 12 of Surah Al-Isra’ is miraculous, because if we had looked up at the sky 4.6 billion years ago when our Solar System was created, we would have seen the darkness of night—that is, we would have seen the stars in space; there would not have been absolute, pitch-black darkness. For this reason, the phrase “ayetel leyli” appears in the verse. Our Exalted Lord did not use the word “zulumati,” which denotes pitch-black darkness.
The verse also alludes to both the solar and lunar calendars. At that time, the Arabs used the “lunar calendar”; however, since the Moon’s light also comes from the Sun, the emphasis on calculating years based on the creation of the Solar System (the evidence of the illuminating day) is a great miracle. (Al-Isra’/12)
17:12 Surah Al-Isra
We created the night and the day as two signs. We removed the sign of the night and brought forth the sign of the illuminating day (the Sun) so that you may seek the bounty of your Lord and know the number of years and the reckoning. In this way, We have explained everything in detail.
And We made the night and the day two signs; so We caused the sign of the night to fade away, and We made the sign of the day one that allows you to see, so that you may seek a bounty from your Lord and so that you may know the number of years and the reckoning. And We have explained everything in detail
And We have made the night and the day two signs; so We have made the sign of the night dark, and We have made the sign of the day clear, so that you may seek a bounty from your Lord and so that you may know the number of the years and the reckoning; and everything We have explained in detail.
The word “yevm” (day) appears exactly 365 times in the Qur’an. This is a miracle. According to the “sidereal reference” (the Earth’s rotation relative to the stars), the Earth completes exactly 365.24 rotations on its axis during the time it takes to make one full revolution around the Sun—which is exactly 365 days.
Important Note: When counting words in the Quran, plural forms and forms with suffixes are not included in the count. This is the rule for all word counts. The miracles are revealed through word counts conducted in this manner. This is the general rule, and it is never altered.
The number 365 actually represents the number of times the Earth rotates on its own axis when it completes one full revolution around the Sun (sidereal rotation, using the stars as a reference, specifically the constellations of the zodiac), and it is equal to the number of days in one solar year.
When the Quran was revealed, the Arabs were using the lunar calendar. A lunar year consists of 12 months, totaling 354 days. In other words, in one lunar year, the Earth rotates around its own axis exactly 354 times.
Could it be that Almighty Allah has provided a sign regarding the number 354 days in a lunar year in the noble Quran?
Let’s look at our table showing the “yevm” transitions;
| Arabic | Pronunciation | Number of transitions |
| يوم | yevm | 217 |
| And a day | ve-yevm | 44 |
| today | el-yevm | 41 |
| and today | vel-yevm | 23 |
| a day | yevmen* | 16 |
| for a day | li-yevm | 8 |
| Today | fel-yevm | 8 |
| day | bi-yevm | 5 |
| on this day | bil-yevm | 2 |
| and today | vebil-yevm | 1 |
| Total=365 |
*The final letter (ا) is not a suffix but a rule of Arabic grammar.
Allah, the Exalted, has stated in the Quran that the number of months (in the calendar) is twelve in His sight.
9:36; “According to the decree He established on the day He created the heavens and the earth, the number of months in the sight of Allah is twelve.”
2:189; “They ask you about the phases of the moon; say: ‘They are time markers for people and for the Hajj!’ True righteousness is not in beating around the bush. True righteousness is in having a sense of responsibility. Do not beat around the bush; be truthful. Have a sense of responsibility toward Allah; thus, perhaps you will attain salvation.”
It is clearly evident that there is a reference to the lunar calendar and the fact that there are 12 months in a lunar year.
In the Quran, Almighty Allah has revealed that the solar calendar consists of 365 days and the lunar calendar consists of exactly 354 days. This is a great miracle. Please examine the following evidence carefully.
The first occurrence of the word “month” (شهر) (shahr) in the Quran is in verse 2:185, and the twelfth occurrence is in verse 97:3. The fact that exactly 354 days—or “yevm”—pass between the first and last occurrences of the word “şehr,” specifically between the 1st and 12th occurrences, is part of Almighty Allah’s design. This is shown in the table below.
Almighty Allah demonstrates to us that the Quran originates from Him through these detailed signs within the Quran.
The occurrences are shown below:
| Arabic | Pronunciation | Number of occurrences |
| يوم | yevm | 213 |
| And a day | ve-yevm | 43 |
| today | el-yevm | 41 |
| and today | vel-yevm | 20 |
| a day | yevmen* | 14 |
| for a day | li-yevm | 8 |
| Today | fel-yevm | 8 |
| day | bi-yevm | 5 |
| on this day | bil-yevm | 2 |
| Total=354 |
*The final letter (ا) is not a suffix but a rule of Arabic grammar.
For detailed information and analysis on “word counts,” click the link
The word “Kamer” (قمر) refers to the Moon (our satellite) that orbits our Earth.
Interestingly, the word “Kamer” (قمر) appears exactly 27 times throughout the entire Quran. One full orbit of the Moon around our Earth, measured relative to the stars (“sidereal reference”), takes exactly 27.32 days. The Moon’s rotation on its own axis also, quite interestingly, takes 27 days. This is why we always see only one side of the Moon; we cannot see its far side.
What is “Sidereal Rotation”?
In calculating the Moon’s rotation, a star (not the Sun) is taken as the starting point (reference point). A distant star is aligned and used as the reference point. The time it takes for the Moon to orbit the Earth and realign with the same star is calculated. This is called a sidereal rotation and lasts 27 days. In other words, a person on the Moon aligns with the same star once every 27 days.
What is the synodic rotation?
It is the lunar calendar used by Arabs and other societies. Here, the Sun is taken as the starting point (reference point) for calculating the Moon’s rotation. The number of days until the Moon, which is currently aligned with the Sun, aligns with it again is calculated, which is 29.5 days.
It is truly a great miracle that the Quran, which was revealed to a society that considered a lunar month to be 29.5 days, mentions the word “Kamer” exactly 27 times—not 29 or 30—thus regulating the number of lunar months according to the sidereal reference. In its celestial calculations, the Quran uses the sidereal reference as its basis. For example, the miracle of the speed of light in the Quran—you can click the link for the “Speed of Light Miracle.”
The word (قمر) “Kamer” (Moon) appears 27 times in the Quran and informs us of one sidereal rotation. The fact that there is an angle of 26.928 degrees—or 27 degrees—between the Moon’s synodic rotation and its sidereal rotation is another miracle revealed to us by the Quran.
Our word-counting rules are general and unchanging.
| Arabic | Pronunciation | Number of occurrences |
| والقمر | vel-kamer | 20 |
| The moon | el-kamer | 5 |
| and the moon | and the moon* | 1 |
| For the moon | lil-kamer | 1 |
| Total=27 |
*This is not a suffix but a rule of Arabic grammar.
The miracles in the Quran are endless; all the verses of the “Kamer” (Moon) Surah end with the letter “Ra,” which is shaped like a crescent moon, while all the verses of the “Şems” (Sun) Surah end with the letter “He.” This points to hydrogen and helium; 91.2% of the Sun is hydrogen, and 8.7% is helium—these two elements make up 99.9% of the Sun.
First, let’s discuss the great miracle found in the “Sun” (Shams) Surah:
When the letter “H” (ه) combines with the letter “Elif” (ا), it is written as “He” (ها).
Arabic letters are written differently at the beginning, middle, and end of a word. At the end of a word, “Ha” (He) is written as shown above.
Surah 91: Al-Shams
| 1. By the sun and its morning light. |
| 2. And the moon when it sets. |
| 3. And by the day when it shines forth. |
| 4. And the night when it covers it. |
| 5. And the sky and what He built in it. |
| 6. And the earth and what He spread out upon it. |
| 7. And the soul, and He who perfected it. |
| 8. Then He inspired it with its wickedness and its piety. |
| 9. Indeed, he has succeeded who purifies it. |
| 10. And indeed, he has failed who corrupts it. |
| 11. The people of Thamud denied the truth because of their transgression. |
| 12. Then He sent upon them their worst enemies. |
| 13. Then the Messenger of Allah said to them, “This is the she-camel of Allah, and she must be watered.” |
| 14. But they denied him, so they slaughtered her; then their Lord punished them for their sin and leveled her. |
| 15. And they do not fear its consequence. |
There are a total of 35 verses in the Quran that end with the letter “he.” Thus, we understand that the probability of a verse in the Quran ending with “he” is 35/6234. This is a very low probability. The probability of 15 consecutive verses ending with the letter “he” is (35/6,234)¹⁵, a number that is difficult to even calculate. It is an impossibly low probability. This demonstrates that the fact that the last letters of the 15 verses of the surah named “Shams” (meaning “Sun”) end with “he” was done absolutely intentionally. While this is a magnificent literary technique, the fact that it points to the symbols of hydrogen (H) and helium (He)—the elements that make up the vast majority of the Sun—in the periodic table is definitive proof that the Quran comes from the Almighty Allah.
4845/54/1 Surah Al-Qamar
ٱقْتَرَبَتِ ٱلسَّاعَةُ وَٱنشَقَّ ٱلْقَمَرُ
Ikterebettis saatu ven şakkal kameru
The Hour has drawn near, and the Moon has split
“Kamer” means “Moon” and is the name of the 54th surah of the Glorious Quran; this surah contains 55 verses. The first verse of the surah emphasizes the approach of the Hour and the splitting of the Moon. As seen above, following the Basmala, the first verse of Surah al-Qamar—which I have written—shows that every single verse of this surah ends with the letter (ر) Ra without exception. When we look at the entire Noble Qur’an, approximately 7% of the verses end with the letter Ra. While one would expect approximately 4 of the 55 verses in this surah to end with “Ra,” the fact that all 55 of them end with “R” has a statistical probability of (1/10)⁶¹, which is impossible. It is clear that this is a miracle from our Lord.
25/61 Surah al-Furqan
Blessed be He who created constellations in the heavens and placed therein a lamp and a moon that gives light
Blessed is He who created constellations in the heavens and placed therein a lamp and a moon that gives light
Tebarekellezi ceale fis semai burucen ve ceale fiha siracen ve kameren munira
While the word “siracen” refers to the Sun, which emits its own light, the word “munira” describes it as “a source of light.” The Moon does not produce its own photons; it reflects the light coming from the Sun. The Qur’an makes a beautiful reference to this physical reality in this verse. Furthermore, while the word “Şems” appears exactly 33 times in the Qur’an, here the Almighty Allah has substituted the word “siracen” for “Şems,” which serves both to emphasize that the Sun emits its own light and to preserve the balance in the Quran, where the words “Şems” and “nur” each appear exactly 33 times. SubhanALLAH
55:6, Surah Ar-Rahman
The stars and the trees prostrate themselves
وَالنَّجْمُ وَالشَّجَرُ يَسْجُدَانِ
Ven necmu veş şeceru yescudan
In the 6th verse of Surah Ar-Rahman, what might Almighty Allah have meant by the words “stars and trees”? Of course, the first things that come to mind are the stars and trees we see—and just like all other beings, they too prostrate themselves before Almighty Allah and glorify Him (I have discussed the topic of glorification in detail in my previous articles; those who haven’t read them can go back and read them.)
However, when reading this verse, another verse inevitably comes to mind:
41:53, Surah Fussilat
We will show them Our signs in the horizons and within themselves so that it may become clear to them that this (the Qur’an) is the Truth. Is it not enough that your Lord is a witness over all things?
سَنُر۪يهِمْ اٰيَاتِنَا فِي الْاٰفَاقِ وَف۪ٓي اَنْفُسِهِمْ حَتّٰى يَتَبَـيَّنَ لَهُمْ اَنَّهُ الْحَقُّۜ اَوَلَمْ يَكْفِ بِرَبِّكَ اَنَّهُ عَلٰى كُلِّ شَيْءis a witness
We will show them Our signs in the horizons and within themselves until it becomes clear to them that it is the truth. Is it not enough that your Lord is a Witness over all things?
In the 6th verse of Surah Ar-Rahman, immediately after the Exalted Allah stated that the “stars” prostrate, He also stated that the “tree” prostrates. It is clear that this “tree” points to a concept other than a “tree” as we know it. On a grand scale—when considering stars and the galaxies they form—the evidence pointed to by our Lord on the horizons becomes apparent. Just like the branches of a tree, the “Cosmic Web”—spanning billions of light-years and enveloping the entire universe—is what is being referred to;
Cosmic Web: V. Springel, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching near Munich
Photographing the Cosmic Web—an example of the evidence of the Almighty Allah “in the horizons”—is an extremely challenging process. It began in 1989 (Harvard-Smithsonian Team), but clear images were not obtained until after 2010, thanks to advancements in telescope technology. Please pay close attention to the filament structures; the entire universe is interwoven with these tree-like branches formed by star clusters.
This time, “as Almighty Allah decrees in Fussilat/53,” let us set aside the telescopes in our hands, shift our attention away from the “horizons,” and focus on our own “self.” The term “self” in Qur’anic terminology corresponds to “consciousness.”
There is also a counterpart to this verse within the human “self”—that is, within “one’s own consciousness.”
In 2020, an article was published in the Italian journal *Frontiers of Physics*
The title of the article was “A Quantitative Comparison Between the Cosmic Web and the Brain’s Neural Network.”
F. Vazza & A. Feletti. The Quantitative Comparison Between the Neuronal Network and the Cosmic Web. Front. Phys, published online November 16, 2020; doi: 10.3389/fphy.2020.525731
The paper compares the distribution of matter in the human brain with that in the Cosmic Web; the “distribution of fluctuations”—that is, the distribution of matter fluctuations—in the cerebellum of the brain on a scale ranging from 1 micrometer to 1 mm was compared with the same distribution —of course, on a much, much larger scale in the Cosmic Web, ranging from approximately 5 million to 500 million light-years—and it was found that both exhibit a progression of equal matter distribution. This is a very interesting finding.
In the image above, the neural network formed by brain cells is shown on the left, while the cosmic web formed by galaxies is shown on the right.
Let’s define consciousness at this point: Consciousness is the existence of an “I” that experiences. In other words, it is not merely seeing, but being aware of what one sees; not merely feeling, but knowing what one feels. Classical neuroscience states that consciousness arises as a result of information processing through the activity of neurons; however, according to the “Orch-OR Theory”—developed by Nobel Prize-winning physicist Roger Penrose and anesthesiologist Hameroff, which has garnered significant attention—consciousness arises from the collapse of quantum states formed within the microtubules of neurons. If we re-evaluate the verse in light of this information, the “Star” becomes the human brain cell—that is, the “neuron”—and the “Tree” becomes the human “self,” or consciousness. Thus, the phrase “the Star and the Tree prostrate themselves” in the verse means that the human brain cell and consciousness prostrate themselves. This is how the concept of the consciousness prostrating itself finds its meaning.
Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, knows best.
55:7, Surah Ar-Rahman
And the sky—He raised it and established the infallible measure, the balance.
وَالسَّمَٓاءَ رَفَعَهَا وَوَضَعَ الْم۪يزَانَۙ
Ves semae refeaha ve vedaal mizan
Let us examine this verse in two parts: first, Almighty Allah raising the Sky, that is, “Sema”; and second, establishing the infallible measure, the mizan.
- The Exaltation of the Heavens by the Almighty Allah
In Qur’anic terminology, the sky refers to everything we see when we look up. The verse refers to the fundamental particles—the “bosons”—that emerged from pure energy at the moment of the universe’s creation and enable its expansion. There are seven types of bosons. In total, there are 31 types of elementary particles.
Almighty Allah has created the universe and all the blessings within it precisely from 31 elementary particles.
To better understand this topic, let’s review some brief scientific facts.
Matter in the universe is composed of atoms. With the advancement of modern physics, it was discovered that atoms consist of neutrons and protons in the atomic nucleus and electrons orbiting the nucleus. It was also demonstrated that neutrons and protons are composed of quarks.
At CERN, the most advanced particle physics laboratory, particles are collided with one another to determine their composition. This can be likened to smashing a watch against a wall to see what it is made of.
Following the experiments conducted in particle physics:
Our universe consists of a total of 31 elementary particles. In other words, Allah has created all the blessings in the universe using a total of 31 elementary particles.
These 31 elementary particles cannot be divided into smaller parts; therefore, they are called elementary particles. For example, a proton is not an elementary particle because it consists of three quarks. However, a quark is an elementary particle because it is not composed of smaller particles.
The image below shows these 31 elementary particles along with their symbols: 12 leptons, 12 quarks (leptons and quarks are also called fermions), and 7 bosons. The graviton, which is a boson, has been proven in mathematical models but has not yet been detected experimentally; however, it will certainly be detected; just like the Higgs boson, antimatter, or black holes—the existence of all three was first proven mathematically, and decades later, their existence was confirmed in the laboratory or physically. Almighty Allah has written the language of the universe in mathematics; therefore, mathematics always leads the way and is always correct. The same will certainly be true for the graviton.
There is a verse in Surah Ar-Rahman that is repeated 31 times. It is repeated as many times as there are fundamental particles in the universe… and in this surah, where Allah describes the realms of the jinn and humans He created and details the blessings He has bestowed, He has revealed the 31 fundamental particles—from which these blessings, as well as humans and jinn, were created—by repeating the same verse exactly 31 times.
55:13 Surah Ar-Rahman
So which of your Lord’s blessings do you both deny?
فَبِاَيِّ اٰلَٓاءِ رَبِّكُمَا تُكَذِّبَانِ
Fe bi eyyi alai rabbikuma tukezziban
Note that in the table above, there are 24 fermions (12 leptons, 12 quarks) and 7 bosons. Six of the leptons and six of the quarks are antiparticles; that is, 12 of the 31 fundamental particles are antiparticles. For example, the electron is a lepton, and the electron’s antiparticle is the positron. Excluding antiparticles, there are a total of 19 elementary particles. Could these 19 particles be referenced in the Quran?
Surah al-Muddaththir, Verse 30
There are nineteen upon it
There are nineteen on it.
There are nineteen on it.
In Verse 31 of Surah al-Muddaththir, Almighty Allah
We have appointed only angels as guardians of the Fire. We have made their number (NINETEEN) a trial (a source of distress) for the disbelievers, (2) to convince those who have been given the Scripture, (3) to strengthen the conviction of the believers, (4) to dispel the doubts of both those who have been given the Scripture and the believers, and (5) so that those with sickness in their hearts and the disbelievers may say, “What does Allah mean by this example?” Thus, Allah misleads whom He wills and guides whom He wills. No one knows the armies of the Lord except Him. This (number) is a message to the peoples.
And We have made the keepers of the Fire none other than angels, and We have made their number nothing but a trial for those who disbelieve—so that those who have been given the Scripture may be certain, and so that those who have believed may increase in faith, and so that those who have been given the Scripture and the believers may not doubt, and so that those in whose hearts is “sickness,” and the disbelievers say, “What did Allah intend by this parable?” Thus does Allah lead astray whom He wills and guide whom He wills. And no one knows the hosts except Him. And it is nothing but a reminder for mankind.
And We have made the inhabitants of the Fire none other than angels, and We have made their number a trial for those who disbelieve—so that those who have been given the Scripture may be certain, and those who believe may increase in faith, and so that those who have been given the Scripture and the believers may not waver, and so that those in whose hearts is a disease and the disbelievers may say, “What did Allah intend by this parable?” Thus does Allah lead astray whom He wills and guide whom He wills, and none knows the hosts of your Lord except Him, and it is nothing but a reminder for mankind.
It states. The 19 angels in Hell mentioned in Verse 31 may represent the 19 fundamental particles; this implies that matter in the Hell universe will not differ from matter in our universe—it will be similar to or identical to the matter in this universe. The Paradise universe, however, will not be composed of the fundamental particles found in our universe and will differ from this one.
The Glorious Qur’an may be referring to the 19 fundamental particles remaining after the total of 31 fundamental particles and antiparticles that make up the entire universe are accounted for.
Twelve of the 31 fundamental particles exist in pairs—6 leptons and 6 quarks. The Quran also refers to the fact that these fundamental particles exist in pairs.
51:49, Surah Al-Zariyat
We have created everything in pairs. Perhaps you will take heed.
وَمِنْ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ خَلَقْنَا زَوْجَيْنِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَذَكَّرُونَ
Ve min kulli şey’in halakna zevceyni leallekum tezekkerun
In this verse, Almighty Allah declares that He created everything in pairs; we know that everything in our universe is created from 31 fundamental particles, so the “pairs” referred to in the verse could be the fundamental particles known as fermions (quarks and leptons).
In verse 30 of Surah Al-Anbiya, the Quran unambiguously refers to the “Big Bang.” The heavens and the earth were joined together, “kaneta retkan,” and We separated them by causing an explosion, “fetaknahuma,” as stated in the verse.
21:30 Surah Al-Anbiya
Do those who disbelieve not see that the heavens and the earth were joined together, and We split them apart? And We created every living thing from water. Will they still not acknowledge the truth?
اَوَلَمْ يَرَ الَّذ۪ينَ كَفَرُٓوا اَنَّ السَّمٰوَاتِ وَالْاَرْضَ كَانَتَا رَتْقاً فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَاۜ وَجَعَلْنَا مِنَ الْمَٓاءِ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ حَيٍّۜ اَفَلَا يُؤْمِنُونَ
E ve lem yerellezine keferu ennes semavati vel arda kaneta retkan fe fetaknahuma, ve cealna minel mai kulle şey’in hayy, e fe la yu’minun
In verse 7 of Surah Ar-Rahman, the raising of the heavens—that is, the “Big Bang”—occurred following the separation of the earth and the heavens through an explosion, due to the early universe being filled with extremely energetic quantum fields. The energy in these fields gave rise to particle excitations. Bosons were constantly being created, interacting, decaying, and being recreated while the universe was extremely hot.
The key factor during this period was the process of cosmic inflation, driven by immense energy density and negative pressure, which led to the expansion of the universe. During that initial expansion, bosons—that is, force-carrying particles—played a significant role. In particular, the Higgs boson played a critical role in the universe’s process of shaping matter and energy, as it provided the field that endows fundamental particles with mass. In other words, while the density of energy and cosmic inflation were the fundamental factors that initiated the expansion and the elevation of the Heavens, bosons also played a role in shaping the building blocks of the universe.
Now, insha’Allah, we will touch on a critical point:
As predicted by String Theory, there is a symmetry known as supersymmetry between bosons and fermions—that is, “quarks and leptons”—where every boson has a corresponding fermion, and every fermion has a corresponding boson (A sign from Surah Zariyat, verse 49) However, there is a remarkable sign in verse 12 of Surah At-Talak: the seven bosons represent “the heavens” because they enable the heavens to be raised, while the seven fermions correspondingly represent “the earth.”
65:12 Surah Talak
It is Allah who created the seven heavens and, from the earth, their like. His command flows between them. Thus, know that Allah has power over all things and that Allah encompasses all things with His knowledge
Allah is He who created seven heavens and from the earth the like of them. The command descends among them so that you may know that Allah has power over all thingsand that Allah has encompassed all things with His knowledge.
Allah, who created seven heavens and, from the earth, the like of them; the command descends between them so that you may know that Allah is All-Powerful over all things and that Allah has encompassed all things with His knowledge
- The Establishment of Allah’s Unfailing Measure and Balance
Antimatter
The statement in verse 49 of Surah Al-Zariyat, “We have created everything in pairs,” encompasses all things, both living and non-living; antimatter is also included in this scope because it is the counterpart of matter in this sense. At this point, note how meticulous and precise the Qur’an’s expressions are; for example, in Surah An-Najm, verse 45 (which, including the Basmala, becomes verse 46 and specifies the number of human chromosomes), it states: “He (Allah) created male and female pairs.” It states; Verse 39 of Surah Al-Qiyamah also refers to the human pair. The pairs mentioned in these verses of the Quran are different from those mentioned in Surah Al-Zariyat.
Antimatter is the state of matter composed of “antiparticles.” In other words, the particles we know have counterparts with the same mass but opposite properties.
For example: The antiparticle of the electron is the positron. The antiparticle of the proton is the antiproton. The antiparticle of the neutron is the antineutron. The antiparticles of quarks are antiquarks. A particle and its antiparticle generally have the same mass and the same spin value, but some quantum properties, such as electric charge, have opposite signs. For example: e⁻ (electron) and e⁺ (positron). The electron has a negative charge, and the positron has a positive charge. But their masses are the same. If an electron and a positron collide, they can annihilate each other. This is called annihilation: Yes, we can say that, to a large extent, antimatter is the symmetrical counterpart of matter. Yes. Immediately after the Big Bang, the universe was incredibly hot and dense. In this environment, energy could constantly transform into particles: quarks and antiquarks, as well as leptons and antileptons, were formed in the early universe.
This is the big question. If, after the Big Bang, matter and antimatter had formed in exactly equal amounts, they would have annihilated each other:
matter + antimatter → light/energy
In that case, almost only photons would remain. Stars, galaxies, planets, and humans could not have formed.
But the universe we observe is full of matter. Antimatter, on the other hand, is observed in only very small amounts.
This tells us the following:
In the early universe, there must have been just a tiny bit more matter than antimatter.
Approximately:
1,000,000,001 matter particles to 1,000,000,000 antimatter particles
.
Matter and antimatter pairs annihilated each other. But about one extra matter particle remained for every billion. Today’s galaxies, stars, and we ourselves may have formed from this tiny surplus.
Scientifically, we can say this:
After the Big Bang, the universe expanded, cooled, and energy transformed into particles. Matter and antimatter were created. Then most of them annihilated each other. A very small surplus of matter remained. This surplus of matter formed protons, neutrons, atoms, stars, galaxies, and planets. In other words, today’s material universe is the result of a very small asymmetry between matter and antimatter.
Antimatter is the symmetrical counterpart of matter, consisting of its antiparticles. Immediately after the Big Bang, energy produced both matter and antimatter. Normally, one would expect them to be produced in equal amounts. However, a very slight excess of matter emerged in the early universe. Matter and antimatter annihilated each other; but the remaining excess matter formed today’s stars, galaxies, planets, and us. The exact cause of this excess remains one of the greatest open questions in physics.
Universal Constants (Unwavering Measure and Balance)
Important Universal Constants in the Formation of the Universe After the Big Bang
Universal constants are numbers that appear to be embedded within the laws of nature. Values such as the speed of light, the gravitational constant, the Planck constant, the fine-structure constant, and the cosmological constant determine how the universe expands, whether atoms can form, whether stars can burn, and whether galaxies can form.
We do not know whether these constants were “generated” like particles after the Big Bang. A more accurate statement is this: From the moment of the Big Bang onward, the universe has evolved according to the laws of physics defined by these constants. Why these constants have exactly these values, however, remains one of the greatest questions in physics.
A universal constant is a fundamental number believed to be the same everywhere in nature. For example
The speed of light is the same everywhere. The charge of an electron is the same. Planck’s constant determines the scale of quantum phenomena. The gravitational constant determines the strength of gravity. The cosmological constant is related to the accelerating expansion of the universe.
Speed of Light
The speed of light is not just the speed of light. It is the fundamental speed limit of spacetime.
Gravitational Constant (G)
G determines the strength of gravity.
It is crucial for: the formation of galaxies, the collapse and ignition of stars, the orbits of planets, black holes, and the general expansion dynamics of the universe
In Newton’s law:
F = G × m₁m₂ / r²
In Einstein’s general theory of relativity, it is one of the coefficients that determine how mass/energy curves spacetime. What if G were different? If it were very large: The universe would collapse very quickly, and stars would have very short lifespans. If it were very small: Matter would not be able to easily form stars and galaxies.
G is one of the most critical constants determining the large-scale structure of the universe.
Planck constant:
h = 6.62607015 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s
ℏ is:
ℏ = h / 2π
The Planck constant,
is the fundamental scale of the quantum world.
It determines the following:
E = hf
That is, the energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency.
If the Planck constant did not exist or were very different:
The energy levels of atoms would be different. Electrons might not be able to remain stably within atoms. Chemistry would be different. The complex structures necessary for molecules and life might not have formed.
Fine-Structure Constant
Approximate value: α ≈ 1/137 To put it more clearly: α ≈ 0.007297
This constant determines the strength of the electromagnetic force. The formula is roughly: α = e² / 4πε₀ℏc
That is, it includes the following: the electron charge e
• Planck’s constant ℏ
• the speed of light c
• the electric permittivity of free space ε₀
It determines the structure of atoms.
If α were different:
Electrons would be bound to the nucleus differently. Chemical bonds would change. The behavior of elements such as carbon and oxygen would be different. Nuclear processes in stars might change. For this reason, α can be thought of as the “chemical fine-tuning of the universe.”
Electron Charge
Value:
e = 1.602176634 × 10⁻¹⁹ C
It is the fundamental unit of electric charge.
It determines the following:
• The attraction between electrons and the nucleus in atoms
• Chemical bonds
• The interaction of the electromagnetic force with particles
If the charge of an electron were different, the size of atoms and the strength of chemical bonds would change.
Proton Mass and the Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio
The mass of a proton is approximately:
mp = 1.6726 × 10⁻²⁷ kg
But the ratio that is particularly important from the perspective of the universe is this:
mp / me ≈ 1836
This ratio determines the behavior of atoms and molecules.
If the masses of protons and electrons were very close to each other:
• The structure of atoms would be very different.
• The vibrations of molecules would change.
• Chemical processes would be entirely different.
Strong Nuclear Force Constant
The strong nuclear force binds quarks together within protons and neutrons. It also holds protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus.
• It accounts for the majority of the mass of protons and neutrons.
• It determines whether atomic nuclei are stable or not.
• It makes nuclear fusion possible in stars.
If the strong force were even slightly different:
• Deuterium might not have formed.
• Hydrogen might not have been converted into helium in stars.
• The production of carbon and oxygen might have been different.
• Heavy elements might not have formed.
Weak Nuclear Force Constant
The weak nuclear force is important in the following processes:
• Beta decay
• Neutrino interactions
• The proton-proton cycle in the Sun
• The neutron-to-proton ratio in the early universe
In Big Bang nucleosynthesis—that is, the formation of the first light elements—the neutron-to-proton ratio is very important. This ratio determines the amount of helium.
If the weak force had been different:
• The hydrogen-to-helium ratio in the universe would be different.
• The fuel and lifespan of stars would change.
• Element formation would be different.
Boltzmann Constant
Value:
kB = 1.380649 × 10⁻²³ J/K
It establishes the relationship between temperature and energy:
E ~ kBT
Since temperatures in the early universe were extremely high, this relationship helps determine which particles could form.
For example, if the temperature of the universe is high enough:
kBT ≥ mc²
that particle can be produced.
Cosmological constant
It is a term that appears in Einstein’s general relativity equations.
Simply put:
It is related to the energy of empty space or dark energy.
It explains the accelerating expansion of the universe today.
If Λ were very large:
• The universe would expand very rapidly.
• Matter would not be able to clump together enough to form galaxies.
If it were negative and large:
• The universe could collapse again.
For this reason, the cosmological constant is one of the constants that appears to be very precisely tuned to allow galaxies to form.
The Hubble constant
It is not exactly like a fundamental particle constant. Rather, it is a cosmological parameter that determines the universe’s current rate of expansion.
H₀ ≈ 70 km/s/Mpc
It indicates how fast the universe is expanding today.
• It is related to the age of the universe.
• It determines the recession velocity of galaxies.
• It is a fundamental parameter in cosmological models.
In summary
Constant | Symbol | Importance to the Universe
Speed of Light | c | Speed limit of spacetime, relativity, energy-mass relationship
Gravitational constant | G | Galaxies, stars, planets, black holes
Planck constant | h | Quantum physics, stability of atoms
Fine-structure constant | α | Electromagnetic force, atoms, and chemistry
Electron charge | e | Electricity, atomic bonds, chemical structure
Electron mass | me | Atomic dimensions, chemical bonds
Proton mass | mp | Atomic nucleus, mass of matter
Strong force scale | ΛQCD | Protons, neutrons, nuclei
Weak force/Fermi constant | GF | Beta decay, neutrinos, element ratios in the early universe
Boltzmann constant | kB | Temperature-energy relationship, early universe thermodynamics
Cosmological constant | Λ | Dark energy, accelerating expansion
Hubble constant | H0 | The universe’s current expansion rate
Certain fundamental constants played a critical role in the universe’s evolution from the Big Bang to its present state:
• G gathered matter into galaxies and stars.
• c determined the structure of spacetime.
• h ensured the quantum stability of atoms.
• α determined the strength of the electromagnetic force.
• The strong force made protons, neutrons, and atomic nuclei possible.
• The weak force influenced the element ratios in the early universe.
• Λ determined the expansion of the universe and its current acceleration.
We do not know why these constants have exactly these values. Some appear to be very delicate in terms of the formation of life and structure.
For now, the most accurate scientific statement is this: Thanks to the values of these constants, the universe possesses a physical structure that allows for the formation of atoms, stars, galaxies, and life; however, the ultimate cause of these values remains an open problem.
Sources
1. CERN, “The early universe” — the early universe and Big Bang cosmology.
2. CERN, “Antimatter” — antimatter and matter–antimatter asymmetry.
3. CERN, “Largest matter-antimatter asymmetry observed” — CP asymmetry and matter–antimatter differences.
4. NASA, “Cosmic History” — the early universe, inflation, and nucleosynthesis.
5. NASA, “What is Dark Energy?” — dark energy and accelerated expansion.
6. ESA, “Planck and the cosmic microwave background” — the cosmic microwave background and cosmology.
7. ESA, “Planck’s New Cosmic Recipe” — the universe’s matter/dark matter/dark energy ratios.
8. ESA, “Cosmic Energy Budget” — the universe’s energy budget.
9. NIST, “Fundamental Physical Constants” — fundamental physical constants.
10. NIST/CODATA, “CODATA values of the fundamental physical constants” — recommended values and measurement methods for fundamental constants.
Only Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, knows best.
An Analysis of Verses 8 and 9 of Surah Ar-Rahman
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
55/8 Surah Ar-Rahman, Verse 8
Do not transgress the limits regarding measure and balance.
Do not transgress in the matter of the balance.
Ella tatgav fil mizan.
This verse is an ultimatum from Almighty Allah. The Qur’an contains many verses recounting the cautionary tales of people and nations who overstepped their bounds. A person’s disruption of measure and balance occurs in two ways. The first is violating the measure set by Almighty Allah; acting contrary to the purpose of creation, becoming arrogant, forgetting that one is being tested, and consequently overstepping the bounds; the second is overstepping the bounds in the blessings that the Almighty Allah has bestowed as a mercy—such as engaging in actions that disrupt the balance of nature, treating animals without mercy, or behaving disrespectfully toward nature.
In the Qur’an, words derived from the root طغى / يطغى / تطغوا / طغيان are specifically used to describe when a person or certain peoples become arrogant, run amok, or overstep their bounds. In Turkish, these are generally translated as “to become arrogant,” “to run amok,” “to overstep one’s bounds,” “to rebel,” “to be haughty,” and “to go to extremes in oppression.”
“The word ‘yetğâ’ means ‘to become unruly, to overstep boundaries.’ The word ‘tatğav,’ on the other hand, means ‘do not become unruly, do not act recklessly, do not overstep boundaries.’” In the next verse, Almighty Allah commands us not to overstep boundaries or disrupt balance in human relations; however, I will discuss this matter in more detail when examining the 9th verse, insha’Allah.
Humans’ or Nations’ Transgression Against the Almighty Allah
The concept of “tuğyan” refers to a person being deceived by transient circumstances—such as nobility, wealth, political and social status, or political power—and first rebelling against the Almighty Allah, and then against His creation; refusing to submit to the commands of the Almighty Allah and to serve Him out of pride; and committing all negative behaviors resulting from being captivated by the allure of things that are spiritually and morally worthless, taking comfort in them and being deceived by them. Tuğyan stems from the pride and sense of self inherent in human nature, which can be triggered at any moment (Fücur). The selfish person who does not align his mind and heart with divine revelation, who accepts his reason as the sole guide and disregards the warnings of the prophets, who suppresses his piety, and in whom fücur prevails, upon acquiring material power and a superior social status, succumbs to the influences of those around them, first becoming self-satisfied, and then deviating from moderation and justice in their relationships to rule over others by overstepping their bounds, ultimately sinking into the quagmire of tuğyan. For this reason, it can be said that, from the perspective of faith, tyranny will lead to disbelief and polytheism, while from the perspective of social life and human relationships, its consequences will manifest as oppression and domination over others. Indeed, in the Qur’an, while listing the negative behaviors of past societies and the reasons that led to their destruction, it is stated that all of these fall under the category of “tuğyan” (Al-Ma’idah 5:64, 68; Al-Haqqah 69:5; Al-Fajr 89:6–14). Due to the meaning of “excess and transgression” it conveys, this term is closely related to the words “taaddî” (exceeding limits and boundaries) and “dalâlet” (acting contrary to divine commands), while it is antonymous with the term “takwa,” which signifies being wise and knowledgeable and staying away from ignorance and debauchery.
In the Qur’an, “tuğyan” refers to a person, as an individual or as part of a society, forgetting their limits and acting in defiance of Allah, justice, human nature, and morality. It would be a grave mistake to view the examples given by our Lord in the Qur’an as merely historical events that have already occurred. The Qur’an is timeless; it is a book that speaks to all eras—the present and the future alike. To avoid the torment of the Day of Judgment, we must interpret these examples in this way. In the Qur’an, “tuğyan” includes political oppression like that of Pharaoh; rebellion amidst blessings, as in the case of the Children of Israel; moral depravity among the people of Lot; denial of miracles among the Thamud; arrogance born of power among the ‘Ad; economic fraud among the Madyan; in the Surah al-Fajr, it manifests as arrogance stemming from civilization, power, and strength; in the Surah al-Haqqah, it is the denial of divine warnings leading to severe punishment; and in human beings, it takes the form of considering oneself self-sufficient.
In other words, according to the Qur’an, transgression is not merely “committing many sins”; it is the forgetting of one’s limits, moderation, and servitude to God.
Its main forms:
Considering oneself self-sufficient (Al-Alaq 96:6–7):
Arrogance through political power, as exemplified by Pharaoh:
When power, authority, and oppression converge, tyranny arises.
Transgression amidst blessings, as exemplified by the Children of Israel:
Rebellion and excess instead of gratitude despite being granted blessings.
Transgressing moral boundaries: The example of Lot’s people:
The trampling of the boundaries of human nature, modesty, and social morality.
Denying the miracle and the prophet, as exemplified by the people of Thamud:
Rejecting them with arrogance and stubbornness despite clear evidence.
Boasting of power, as exemplified by the people of ‘Ād:
Forgetting divine limits by asking, “Who is more powerful than us?”
96:6 Surah Al-Alaq
Indeed, man does transgress
No indeed! Man does indeed transgress,
Kella innel insane le yatga
The verb used here: لَيَطْغَىٰ, “le-yatğâ”: means “he certainly transgresses” or “goes beyond his limits.”
This verse describes a very fundamental aspect of human psychology: When a person does not see himself as in need of Allah, morality, boundaries, and accountability, he can become arrogant; indeed, in the very next verse, the Exalted Allah states that man “transgresses” because he considers himself self-sufficient.
96:6 Alak Surah
Because he considers himself self-sufficient.
اَنْ رَاٰهُ اسْتَغْنٰىۜ
En reahustagna.
11:112 Surah Hud
Be upright as you have been commanded, together with those who have turned to Him with you. Do not transgress or become arrogant. He is the One who sees what you do.
So be upright as you have been commanded, along with those who have repented with you, and do not transgress. Indeed, He is All-Seeing of what you do.
Festekim kema umirte ve men tabe meake ve la tatgav, innehu bi ma ta’melune basir
11:113 Surah Hud
Do not sympathize with the wrongdoers, nor support them, lest the Fire touch you. You have no friends other than Allah—“the friends”—and then no help will be given to you.
And do not incline toward those who have wronged, lest the Fire touch you; and you have no allies other than Allah, and then you will not be aided.
Ve la terkenu ilellezine zalemu fe temessekumun naru ve ma lekum min dunillahi min evliyae summe la tunsarun.
In this verse, Almighty Allah declares that merely avoiding wrongdoing is not enough to save a person; one must also refrain from sympathizing with the wrongdoers or supporting them, and must not seek or expect help from any being other than Allah in the divine sense.
One of the clearest examples of “tuğyan” (rebellion) in the Qur’an is Pharaoh.
20:24, Surah Taha
Go to Pharaoh! For he has transgressed
اِذْهَبْ اِلٰى فِرْعَوْنَ اِنَّهُ طَغٰى۟
Izheb ila fir’avne innehu taga
20:43 Surah Taha
“Both of you go to Pharaoh. Indeed, he has become arrogant.”
Go to Pharaoh; indeed, he has transgressed.
Go to Pharaoh; indeed, he has transgressed.
When Pharaoh’s “transgression” (tuğyan) is examined in the Qur’an, the underlying causes that stand out are “intoxication with power, the claim to divinity, oppression, arrogance, the deliberate rejection of the truth, and the desire to keep people under oppression.”
In the Qur’an, Pharaoh’s “rebellion” (tuğyan) is described not merely as the arrogance of a single individual, but as a combination of faith, politics, oppression, and social coercion. In particular, the following actions are highlighted in the Qur’an regarding Pharaoh’s tyranny:
Claiming divinity
79:24, Surah An-Naziat
“I am your most exalted Lord,” he said.
فَقَالَ اَنَا۬ رَبُّكُمُ الْاَعْلٰىۘ
Fe kale ene rabbukumul a’la.
28:38 Surah Al-Qasas
Pharaoh said, “O leaders of my people! I know of no god for you other than myself. O Haman, build me a tower of clay and build me a high tower. Perhaps I will confront the god of Moses. I believe he is a liar.”
And Pharaoh said, “O chiefs, I know of no god for you other than myself. So, O Haman, kindle a fire for me on the clay and build me a tower—perhaps I mayreach the God of Moses. And indeed, I think he is one of the liars.”
And Pharaoh said, “O my nobles, I know of no god for you other than myself. So, O Haman, build me a tower so that I may ascend to the god of Moses—and I truly consider him a liar.”
This is presented in the Qur’an as one of his greatest acts of tyranny.
Oppression
28:4, Surah al-Qasas
Indeed, Pharaoh, in his arrogance, divided his people into classes. He sought to subjugate one class by weakening them; he had their male children slaughtered and spared their women. Undoubtedly, he was among the corrupters.
Indeed, Pharaoh exalted himself on earth and divided its people into factions, seeking to subjugate one group among them; he slaughtered their sons and spared their women. Indeed, he was one of the corrupters
Inna fir’awn a’la fil ardi wa ja’ala ahlaha shiy’an yastad’ifu taifatan minhum yuzabbihu ebnaehum wa yestahyi nisaehum, innahu kane minal mufsidin
Arrogance and Pride
27:13 Surah An-Naml
When Our clear signs came to them, they said, “This is obvious sorcery.”
So when Our clear signs came to them, they said, “This is obvious sorcery.”
Fe lemma caethum ayatuna mubsıraten kalu haza sihrun mubin
27:14 Surah An-Naml
Even though they were certain of its truth, they fought against it unjustly and arrogantly. But look at how the fate of the corrupters turned out.
And they denied them, even though their own souls were convinced of their truth—out of injustice and arrogance. So look at how the end of the corrupters turned out.
And they denied it, even though their own souls were certain of it, out of injustice and arrogance; so look at how the end of the corrupters turned out.
29:39 Surah Al-Ankabut
To Qarun, Pharaoh, and Haman—Moses came with clear proof and evident knowledge. Yet they behaved arrogantly on earth. They were not among those who were saved.
And Qarun, Pharaoh, and Haman—and indeed, Moses came to them with clear proofs, but they acted arrogantly on earth, and they were not among those who succeeded.
And Qarun, and Pharaoh, and Haman—and indeed, Moses came to them with clear proofs, but they acted arrogantly on earth, and they were not among those who were saved.
Misleading People, Deceiving His People
43:54 Surah Al-Zukhruf
Pharaoh misled his people. Thereupon, his people obeyed him. They became a transgressing people.
He belittled his people, so they obeyed him; indeed, they were a rebellious people.
Festehaffe kavmehu fe atauh, innehum kanu kavmen fasikin.
79:37 Surah An-Naziat
But as for those who transgress,
As for the one who has transgressed,
Fe emma men taga.
79:38 Surah An-Nazi’at
and has chosen only the life of this world,
وَاٰثَرَ الْحَيٰوةَ الدُّنْيَاۙ
And has preferred the life of this world.
79:39 Surah An-Nazi’at
Surely Hell is his abode.
فَاِنَّ الْجَح۪يمَ هِيَ الْمَأْوٰىۙ
Fe innel jahim hiyel me’wa
Whoever acts arrogantly and prefers worldly life—his destination is Hell.
The Qur’an, which speaks to all ages, presents a general principle in these verses following the example of Pharaoh: “Arrogance is not unique to Pharaoh; it is a general tendency toward deviation in human nature.”
92:8 Surah Al-Layl
But whoever is stingy and considers himself self-sufficient,
وَاَمَّا مَنْ بَخِلَ وَاسْتَغْنٰىۙ
Ve emma men bahıle vestagna.
92:9 Surah Al-Layl
And denies the best,
وَكَذَّبَ بِالْحُسْنٰىۙ
And he denies the best.
92:10 Surah Al-Layl
We will make it easy for him to turn to hardship
So We will make it easy for him to face hardship.
Fe senuyessiruhu lil usra
“Considering oneself self-sufficient” is a state inherent in human depravity but incompatible with reason. For a person who cannot delay aging, cannot stop their heart from beating, cannot restart it, has no knowledge of the chemical reactions occurring within their cells, and has no idea how they came into the world in nine months from the union of two cells—for such a person to consider themselves self-sufficient is an affront to reason. It is utter “rebellion.”
89:6 Surah al-Fajr
Do you know what your Lord did to the people of ‘Ād?
Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with the ‘Ad?
E lem tere keyfe feale rabbuke bi ad.
89/7 Surah al-Fajr
To Iram, the city of pillars!
Iram, the city of pillars!
Iram, the city of pillars.
89/8 Surah al-Fajr
For there is none like it among the cities;
اَلَّت۪ي لَمْ يُخْلَقْ مِثْلُهَا فِي الْبِلَادِۙۖ
Elleti lem yuhlak misluha fil bilad.
89/9 Surah al-Fajr
And to the Thamud, who carved out the rocks in the valley,
وَثَمُودَ الَّذ۪ينَ جَابُوا الصَّخْرَ بِالْوَادِۙۖ
And the Thamud, who carved out the rocks in the valley.
89/10 Surah Al-Fajr
And to Pharaoh, the owner of the pillars;
وَفِرْعَوْنَ ذِي الْاَوْتَادِۙۖ
And Pharaoh, the owner of the stakes.
89/11 Surah al-Fajr
Those who had become tyrants in the lands
اَلَّذ۪ينَ طَغَوْا فِي الْبلادِۙۖ
Ellezine tagav fil bilad.
The expression here:
They ran rampant in the lands
that is, tağav fi’l-bilâd: “they ran rampant in the lands.”
In the Surah al-Fajr, the ‘Ad, the Thamud, and Pharaoh are mentioned together.
Their common trait is that, despite possessing power, civilization, architecture, or authority, they overstepped their bounds.
89:12 Surah al-Fajr
Thus, they multiplied evil there.
فَاَكْثَرُوا ف۪يهَا الْفَسَادَۙۖ
Fe ekseru fihel fesad.
This verse illustrates the societal consequence of transgression: Rebellion does not remain merely an individual sin; it turns into corruption, oppression, and decay on earth.
89/13 Surah al-Fajr
That is why your Lord rained down various calamities upon them
So your Lord unleashed upon them a scourge of punishment.
So your Lord rained down upon them a scourge of punishment.
Societies that transgressed ultimately faced divine justice.
89/14 Surah al-Fajr
For your Lord is ever watching.
Indeed, your Lord is ever watchful.
Inna Rabbaka la bil-mirsaad.
In verses 15 through 20 of the same surah, the Qur’an provides detailed examples of how individuals can become unrestrained. Among these are: “Being ungrateful for the blessings bestowed, turning one’s back on orphans and the poor, looking down on them, failing to treat them with kindness, failing to uphold justice in the distribution of inheritance or property and thereby wronging others, and being overly attached to worldly possessions.” Those verses:
89:15, Surah al-Fajr
But when the Lord bestows His bounty upon a person to test him and grants him blessings, he says, “My Lord has honored me.”
فَاَمَّا الْاِنْسَانُ اِذَا مَا ابْتَلٰيهُ رَبُّهُ فَاَكْرَمَهُ وَنَعَّمَهُ فَيَقُولُ رَبّ۪ٓي اَكْرَمَنِۜ
Fe emmel insanu iza mebtelahu rabbuhu fe ekremehu ve na’amehu fe yekulu rabbi ekremen.
89:16 Surah al-Fajr
But whenever He tests him by restricting his provision, he says, “My Lord has disgraced me.”
And as for when He tests him by limiting his provision, he says, “My Lord has humiliated me.”
And as for when He tests him by limiting his provision, he says, “My Lord has humiliated me.”
89:17 Surah al-Fajr
No! Indeed, you do not honor the orphan.
No, indeed—you do not honor the orphan.
Kella bel la tukrimunel yetim.
89/18 Surah al-Fajr
Nor do you encourage one another to feed the poor.
وَلَا تَحَٓاضُّونَ عَلٰى طَعَامِ الْمِسْك۪ينِۙ
And you do not encourage one another to feed the poor.
89:19 Surah al-Fajr
You devour the inheritance you have received without regard for justice.
And you devour the inheritance with greed,
And you devour the inheritance with greed.
This verse commands that justice must be observed in the distribution of an inheritance.
89/20 Surah al-Fajr
You love wealth with great passion.
And you love wealth with great love.
And you love wealth with great love.
“Being attached to worldly wealth” is a trait that should not be found in believers.
80:17 Surah Abasa
That person has ruined himself; how ungrateful he is.
Woe to man! How ungrateful he is!
Kutilel insanu ma ekferah.
107:2 Surah Al-Maun
Indeed, he is the one who pushes the orphan away.
That is the one who pushes the orphan aside.
Fe zalikellezi yedu’ul yetim.
107/3 Surah Al-Maun
He does not encourage feeding the poor.
And he does not encourage feeding the poor;
And he does not encourage feeding the poor
In the verses, the ungrateful person who pushes the orphan away and refuses to feed the poor is cursed. This type of person has gone too far and disrupted the balance of justice.
102:1 Surah al-Takasur
The desire for more has distracted you.
Al-Hāikumu al-Takāthur
Elhakumut tekasur.
102/2 Surah al-Takathur
Until you die and enter the graves.
حَتّٰى زُرْتُمُ الْمَقَابِرَۜ
Hatta zurtumul mekabir.
The desire to accumulate wealth is prevalent in characters dominated by vice; it is linked to selfishness. The Qur’an condemns this type of person. The virtuous person, aware that they are being tested, thinks not only of themselves but of all humanity; they make decisions with justice, remain God-fearing, and fear the torment of the inevitable “Day of Judgment.”
Some rebellious and punished peoples mentioned in the Quran
The Children of Israel
Surah Isra, Verse 17:4
We decreed in the Book concerning the Children of Israel: “You will certainly cause corruption on earth twice, and you will become arrogant and boastful.”
وَقَضَيْنَٓا اِلٰى بَن۪ٓي اِسْرَٓائ۪لَ فِي الْكِتَابِ لَتُفْسِدُنَّ فِي الْاَرْضِ مَرَّتَيْنِ وَلَتَعْـلُنَّ عُـلُواًّ كَب۪يراً
Ve kadayna ila beni israile fil kitabi le tufsidunne fil ardı merreteyni ve le ta’lunne uluvven kebira.
20:81 Surah Taha
Eat from the good things We have provided for you. Do not transgress in this matter (O Children of Israel), or you will incur My wrath. Whoever incurs My wrath has certainly been utterly ruined.
Eat from the good things We have provided for you, and do not transgress in this matter, lest My wrath befall you. And whoever My wrath befalls has indeed perished.
Kulu min tayyibati ma rezaknakum ve la tatgav fihi fe yahılle aleykum gadabi ve men yahlil aleyhi gadabi fe kad heva
The word here is:
لَا تَطْغَوْا
that is, lâ tatğav: “Do not transgress, do not act recklessly, do not go beyond your limits.”
This verse is particularly important in the context of the Children of Israel. Almighty Allah has bestowed blessings upon them; however, they were instructed not to be arrogant in the face of these blessings.
2:61, Surah al-Baqarah
But you said, “Moses! We can no longer endure just one kind of food. Call upon your Lord for us to provide us with what the earth produces—such as beans, squash, garlic, lentils, and onions.” He replied, “Do you wish to exchange what is good for what is inferior (freedom for slavery)? If you wish, return to Egypt; there you may find what you seek!” Thus, they were condemned to humiliation and poverty and incurred Allah’s wrath. For they were constantly ungrateful toward Allah’s signs and unjustly killed the prophets. For they were rebellious and transgressed.
And [remember] when you said, “O Moses, we cannot endure a single kind of food. So call upon your Lord to bring forth for us from what the earth produces—its herbs, cucumbers, garlic, lentilsand onions.” He said, “Do you wish to exchange what is inferior for what is better? Go down to Egypt, for you will have what you have asked for.” And humiliation and povertyand they incurred the wrath of Allah. That was because they used to disbelieve in the signs of Allah and kill the prophets without just cause. That was because they disobeyedand they used to transgress.
And when you said, “O Moses, we cannot endure a single kind of food; so ask your Lord to bring forth for us from what the earth produces—its herbs, its greens, its cucumbers, its radishes, and its onions,” he said, “Do you wish to exchange that which is inferior for that which is better? Go down to a city; indeed, you will have what you asked for.” And humiliation and poverty were inflicted upon them, and they incurred the wrath of Allah. That was because they used to disbelieve in the signs of Allah and kill the prophets without just cause; that was because they disobeyed and used to transgress
This verse describes the Children of Israel’s dissatisfaction with the blessings they were given. At the end of the verse:
That is because of what they disobeyed and because they used to transgress
They were disobedient and transgressed
The root used here is not طغى but اعتدى /ya‘tedûn, meaning “to overstep boundaries, to act aggressively.” In meaning, it is close to tuğya.
The People of Lot
In the Qur’an, terms such as immorality, transgression, extravagance, ignorance, and wickedness are generally used to describe the People of Lot. The root طغى does not appear directly in every instance; however, the meaning clearly implies transgression and overstepping boundaries.
7:80, Surah Al-A’raf
Remember when Lot said to his people: “O my people! Are you committing an act of immorality that no one in the world has ever committed before you?”
وَلُوطاً اِذْ قَالَ لِقَوْمِه۪ٓ اَتَأْتُونَ الْفَاحِشَةَ مَا سَبَقَكُمْ بِهَا مِنْ اَحَدٍ مِنَ الْعَالَم۪ينَ
And Lot, when he said to his people, “Do you commit this abomination—one that no one in the worlds has ever committed before you?”
7:81, Surah Al-A’raf
“You turn away from women and turn to men out of lust. You are a people who transgress!”
Indeed, you approach men out of lust instead of women; rather, you are a people who transgress.
Innekuum la ta’tunur-rijalashahwatan min dunin-nisai, bal entum kavmun musrifun
Allah the Almighty destroyed the people of Lot, who had gone beyond all bounds by spreading immorality.
The People of Thamud
They were the people of Prophet Salih. They, too, were characterized by debauchery, arrogance, denial of miracles, and transgression of divine limits.
91:11 Surah Ash-Shams
The people of Thamud denied the truth because of their tyranny.
كَذَّبَتْ ثَمُودُ بِطَغْوٰيهَاۙۖ
Kezzebet semudu bi tagvaha.
91/12 Surah Ash-Shams
When the most rebellious among them rose up,
When the most wicked among them rose up,
When the most wicked among them rose up,
91:13 Surah Ash-Shams
Allah’s Messenger Salih said to them, “She is Allah’s female camel; do not interfere with her right to drink.”
So the Messenger of Allah said to them, “It is Allah’s she-camel, and she has the right to drink.”
Fe kale lehum resulullahi nakatallahi ve sukyaha.
91/14 Surah Ash-Shams
But they denied him. Then they slaughtered her. Their Lord overwhelmed them with punishment because of their sin. He leveled that place to the ground.
So they denied him and slaughtered her. Then their Lord overwhelmed them with punishment for their sin and leveled it.
Fe kezzebuhu fe akaruha fe demdeme aleyhim rabbuhum bi zenbihim fe sevvaha.
It is narrated that a female camel was given to the people of Thamud as a miracle, but they slaughtered her.
The main theme here is the denial of Allah’s sign, defiance of the miracle, transgression, and refusal to heed the prophet.
The Surah al-Haqqah describes the peoples of Thamud and ‘Ad in a very striking manner. In this surah, their transgression is directly mentioned using the word “taghiyya” along with the forms of their destruction.
69:4 Surah al-Hakka
The people of Thamud and ‘Ad denied the warning.
كَذَّبَتْ ثَمُودُ وَعَادٌ بِالْقَارِعَةِ
Kezzebet semudu ve adun bil kariah.
Here, the common trait of the Thamud and the ‘Ad is that they denied the divine warning and the great truth.
69/5 Surah Al-Hakka
For this reason, the people of Thamud were destroyed by a great calamity.
As for the Thamud, they were destroyed by their transgression
Fe emma semudu fe uhliku bit tagıyeh.
The word here:
الطَّاغِيَةِ
—that is, et-tâğiye—carries the meaning of “rampant, unbridled, catastrophic disaster.” This word is derived from the root طغى. It evokes both the severity of the disaster and the consequence of the people’s rampancy.
69:6 Surah al-Hakka
As for the people of ‘Ad, they were destroyed by a scorching, violent storm.
As for the people of ‘Ad, they were destroyed by a fierce, raging wind.
And as for the people of ‘Ad, they were destroyed by a howling, violent wind.
The word here:
عَاتِيَةٍ
—that is, âtiyeh—means “fierce, violent, or rebellious.” This word derives not from the root طغى but from the root عتو; however, in meaning, it is very close to the concept of ferocity and violence.
The key point in the Surah al-Hakka is this: The people of Thamud and ‘Ad are presented not merely as sinful communities, but as peoples who denied divine warnings, transgressed boundaries, and ultimately faced a violent punishment.
69:7 Surah al-Hakka
He unleashed it upon them for seven nights and eight days without interruption. So you would see that people lying on the ground like the stumps of uprooted date palms.
سَخَّرَهَا عَلَيْهِمْ سَبْعَ لَيَالٍ وَثَمَانِيَةَ اَيَّامٍۙ حُسُوماً فَتَرَى الْقَوْمَ ف۪يهَا صَرْعٰىۙ كَاَنَّهُمْ اَعْجَازُ نَخْلٍ خَاوِيَةٍۚ
Sehhareha aleyhim seb’a leyalin ve semaniyete eyyamin husumen fe terel kavme fiha sar’a ke ennehum a’cazu nahlin haviyeh
In the Surah al-Haqqah, the denial of the Day of Judgment—the great truth—by the Thamud and the ‘Ad is emphasized. The Thamud were destroyed by a “tâğiye”—that is, a violent and severe calamity. The people of ‘Ad, on the other hand, were destroyed by a howling, violent, and freezing wind. The emphasis is primarily on the magnitude of divine punishment and the consequences of denial.
The People of Ād
is described in the Qur’an as being characterized by tyranny, arrogance, and boasting of their power.
41:15 Surah Fussilat
As for the people of ‘Ad, they acted arrogantly on earth without right, saying, “Who could be stronger than us?” Did they not see that Allah, who created them, is stronger than they are? They deliberately rejected Our verses.
فَاَمَّا عَادٌ فَاسْتَكْبَرُوا فِي الْاَرْضِ بِغَيْرِ الْحَقِّ وَقَالُوا مَنْ اَشَدُّ مِنَّا قُوَّةًۜ اَوَلَمْ يَرَوْا اَنَّ اللّٰهَ الَّذ۪ي خَلَقَهُمْ هُوَ اَشَدُّ مِنْهُمْ قُوَ; and they used to deny Our signs
Fe emma adun festekberu fil ardı bi gayril hakkı ve kalu men eşeddu minna kuvveh, e ve lem yerev ennellahellezi halakahum huve eşeddu minhum kuvveh ve kanu bi ayatina yechadun
Here, it is not the root “طغى” but “istikbâr,” meaning arrogance.
The People of Noah
The themes of denial, arrogance, deviation, and resistance against the prophet are also present in the Qur’an regarding the People of Noah.
71:21, Surah Nuh
Noah said, “My Lord! Indeed, they have disobeyed me. They have followed one whose wealth and children have brought him nothing but harm.”
قَالَ نُوحٌ رَبِّ اِنَّهُمْ عَصَوْن۪ي وَاتَّبَعُوا مَنْ لَمْ يَزِدْهُ مَالُهُ وَوَلَدُهُٓ اِلَّا خَسَاراًۚ
Kale nuhun rabbi innehum asavni vettebeu men lem yezidhu maluhu ve veleduhu illa hasara
71:24 Surah Nuh
“They have led many astray. Do not increase the wrongdoers in anything but their confusion!”
And indeed, they have led many astray. And do not increase the wrongdoers except in misguidance
And indeed, they have led many astray; and do not increase the wrongdoers except in misguidance
Humanity’s Excessive Exploitation of the Blessings Bestowed by Almighty Allah
Throughout history, humanity has built civilizations by benefiting from nature and has made great strides thanks to technological and scientific advancements. However, particularly after the Industrial Revolution, the excessive use of natural resources, unplanned urbanization, fossil fuel consumption, and environmentally harmful production methods have seriously affected the world’s ecological balance. Human excess and the fall into idolatry have taken on a new dimension, yet they have persisted. Consequently, today environmental issues have become global problems affecting not just specific regions, but all of humanity. Human selfishness is so great that people do not even care what state the world will be in for their own children and grandchildren to live in. This amounts to transgressing the limits set by Almighty Allah.
Air Pollution
Air pollution results from the accumulation of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to human health and the environment. Gases emitted from factory chimneys, vehicle exhausts, and the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil cause large amounts of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide to be released into the atmosphere. These gases accelerate global warming while also causing acid rain. Air pollution leads to serious health problems such as asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer, and heart disease. According to the World Health Organization, air pollution causes millions of premature deaths each year.
Water Pollution
Chemical waste from industrial facilities, sewage, oil spills, and agricultural pesticides pollute rivers, lakes, and oceans. Heavy metals and toxic substances, in particular, threaten marine life. Marine organisms can accumulate these substances in their bodies, and this can reach humans through the food chain. Microplastics have now been detected in the deepest parts of the oceans and even in human blood. Water pollution also makes access to clean drinking water more difficult.
Soil Pollution and Chemical Waste
Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture is disrupting the soil’s natural structure. Heavy metals and toxic chemicals released by industrial facilities seep into the soil, harming both plants and groundwater. Some chemicals can remain undecomposed in nature for hundreds of years. The decline in soil fertility, in turn, threatens agricultural production and food security.
Plastic Waste
Plastics remain in the environment for very long periods without breaking down. The excessive consumption of single-use plastics has significantly increased environmental pollution. Plastic waste dumped into the oceans is mistaken for food and ingested by fish, birds, and sea turtles. This situation causes the deaths of millions of animals every year. Microplastics, formed as plastics break down, can now even be found in the human body.
Nuclear Bombs and Radiation
Nuclear weapons are among the most destructive technologies humanity has developed. Nuclear explosions not only cause massive loss of life but also leave behind long-lasting radioactive effects on the environment. But ungrateful and selfish humans, of course, have not cared about this. Radiation can cause cancer, genetic disorders, and birth defects. Nuclear power plant accidents can also render vast areas uninhabitable. Disasters such as Chernobyl and Fukushima have clearly demonstrated the effects of radiation on the environment and human health.
Unfortunately, one of the most striking examples of humanity overstepping its bounds and disrupting Allah’s balance is the “Atomic Bomb.” Humanity, unaware of its limits, has committed this act as well. We will see, insha’Allah, how those who, driven by greed, dropped these nuclear bombs in the midst of two cities—without distinction between children, women, the elderly, or infants—as well as those who approved their production and deployment, those who supported them, and the soldiers who dropped them, will be held accountable on the Day of Judgment.
Surah Rum, Verse 30
Allah’s promise will be fulfilled. Allah does not break His word, but most people do not know this.
وَعْدَ اللّٰهِۜ لَا يُخْلِفُ اللّٰهُ وَعْدَهُ وَلٰكِنَّ اَكْثَرَ النَّاسِ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ
Va’dallah, la yuhlifullahu va’dehu, ve lakinne ekseren nasi la ya’lemun.
30:12 Surah Ar-Rum
On the Day the Hour comes, the sinners will lose all hope and fall silent.
And on the Day the Hour comes, the sinners will be utterly disheartened
And on the Day when the Hour comes, the criminals will be humiliated
A Brief History of the Atomic Bombs;
At 8:15 a. m. on August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay dropped a uranium-based atomic bomb called “Little Boy” on Hiroshima. The explosion had a force of approximately 15 kilotons of TNT. The bomb, which detonated approximately 600 meters above the city center, caused massive destruction. Temperatures reached millions of degrees during the explosion. Some people died instantly or were vaporized. Massive fires broke out in the city, and most of the buildings were destroyed. Approximately 70,000–80,000 people died on the first day. It is estimated that the death toll reached approximately 140,000 by the end of 1945.
On August 9, 1945, a plutonium-based atomic bomb named “Fat Man” was dropped on Nagasaki. The bomb had a yield of approximately 21 kilotons of TNT. As a result of the explosion, approximately 40,000 people lost their lives instantly. By the end of 1945, the death toll had reached 70,000–80,000. A large part of the city sustained severe damage. In other words, the barbarians killed nearly 250,000 innocent people with two atomic bombs,
This is the highest number of innocent people killed in a single two-day period in world history, regardless of the cause.
An atomic bomb operates through a process called nuclear fission. When a uranium-235 or plutonium-239 nucleus splits, a massive amount of energy is released. As a result of a chain reaction, a colossal explosion occurs in a fraction of a second.
Those who survived the explosion were exposed to severe radiation sickness. In the short term, symptoms such as skin burns, hair loss, internal organ damage, and bleeding were observed. In the long term, health problems such as leukemia, cancer, and genetic damage emerged.
Is there perhaps a reference in the Quran to this great crime against humanity, to this great Taghut—to the arrogance of seeing oneself as superior and self-sufficient, to selfishness, cruelty, and tyranny?
When the metaphorical verses of Surah Adiyat are examined and evaluated in light of the evidence regarding the process leading up to the dropping of the atomic bomb, they provide us with strong evidence. The surah tells us that by committing this act of tyranny—with B-29 bomber aircraft that crossed the boundaries one morning (100:1), the atomic bomb ignited by a spark (100:2), and a man acting out of greed who, one morning (100/3), which, upon being dropped, raised a massive, swirling cloud of dust (100/4) and was cast into the very heart of a community (100/5)—that humanity is extremely ungrateful toward its Lord (100/6) and that He Himself bears witness to this (100/7).
Cruel, merciless, and insolent people—who have no concern for the Day of Judgment—targeted the very center of the city in Hiroshima and Nagasaki so that the maximum number of innocent people would die. Verse 42 of Surah Ibrahim informs us of what will befall these oppressors.
14:42 Surah Ibrahim
Do not think that Allah is unaware of what the oppressors are doing. He is merely delaying them until the Day when their eyes will freeze in horror.
وَلَا تَحْسَبَنَّ اللّٰهَ غَافِلاً عَمَّا يَعْمَلُ الظَّالِمُونَۜ اِنَّمَا يُؤَخِّرُهُمْ لِيَوْمٍ تَشْخَصُ ف۪يهِ الْاَبْصَارُۙ
Ve la tahsebennallahe gafilen amma ya’meluz zalimun, innema yuahhıruhum li yevmin teşhasu fihil ebsar
100/1 Surah Adiyat
And by the charging horses,
By the charging horses,
By the charging horses,
100/2 Surah Adiyat
And those that are set ablaze, with a spark
فَالْمُـورِيَاتِ قَـدْحاًۙ
Fel muriyati kadha.
When verses 100:1 and 100:2 are considered as a whole, it becomes clear that the plural entities referred to are motorized aircraft. However, these motorized aircraft are not just any motorized aircraft. Insha’Allah, we will understand from verses 100:3, 100:4, and 100:5 that these aircraft are B-29 bombers.
Let’s briefly provide some information about B-29 bombers:
These aircraft are among the highest-flying aircraft ever produced by humankind. They can also cover long distances. This is what sets them apart from other aircraft. An engine that ignites fuel by producing sparks. The B-29s were equipped with four such engines. Thanks to the combustion of these four engines ignited by sparks and the thrust generated by this combustion, the B-29s can transcend boundaries and cover long distances.
100/3 Surah Adiyat
And those who set out with envy one morning
فَالْمُغ۪يرَاتِ صُبْحاًۙ
Fel mugirati subha.
Among the B-29 bomber aircraft, the one named Enola Gay dropped the “Death Bomb”—which the tyrants had dubbed “Little Boy”—right in the center of the city of Hiroshima at 8:15 a. m. on August 6, 1945, in order to kill the greatest number of people. Almighty Allah will hold them accountable for this. In August, they dropped the “Fat Boy” death bomb—which they had named as such (What a bunch of jokers these are!!! I suppose some of the people of Hell will be just as playful!)—right in the center of the city of Nagasaki, again in the early morning hours.
100/4 Surah Adiyat
And those who raise a whirlwind of dust with it
فَاَثَرْنَ بِه۪ نَقْعاًۙ
Fe eserne bihi nak’a.
In verse 100:4, it is stated: “And those who raise a swirling dust storm with it.”
This verse is extremely important. A translation made with careful attention to Arabic grammar reveals signs of disbelief in this verse.
The pronoun “bihi” is singular and masculine. Yet the airplanes had always been referred to as feminine and plural. This means that although the thing referred to by the pronoun “bihi” is related to the airplane, it is distinct from the airplane itself. Whatever this thing is, it is raising a swirling dust storm—all on its own. This clearly shows us that the thing referred to by the pronoun “bihi” is an atomic bomb.
This bomb is unlike ordinary bombs because it creates a swirling dust storm. The only thing capable of causing such a swirling dust (cloud) storm on its own (using the singular pronoun “bihi”) is an atomic bomb.
100/5 Surah Adiyat
And those who strike the center with it against a group
فَوَسَطْنَ بِه۪ جَمْعاًۙ
Fe vesatne bihi cem’a.
The oppressors dropped the bomb right in the center of the city. The bomb fell in 53 seconds and was detonated 600 meters above the city by a process initiated by a spark. The atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki was also dropped right in the center of the city.
100/6 Surah Adiyat
Indeed, man is truly ungrateful to his Lord.
Indeed, man is ungrateful to his Lord.
Inna al-insan li rabbihi la kenud.
100/7 Surah Adiyat
And he is a witness to this.
And indeed, he is a witness to that.
And indeed, he is a witness to that.
In this verse—which is the 7th verse of the Adiyat Surah when the introductory verse is counted as verse 0—the Almighty Allah states:
“Indeed, man is utterly ungrateful toward his Lord.”
These wrongdoers bring to mind the verses of the Hud Surah:
11:111 Surah Hud
Your Lord will fully recompense them for everything they have done. He is fully aware of what they do.
وَاِنَّ كُلاًّ لَمَّا لَيُوَفِّيَنَّهُمْ رَبُّكَ اَعْمَالَهُمْۜ اِنَّهُ بِمَا يَعْمَلُونَ خَب۪يرٌ
And indeed, your Lord will fully recompense them for all their deeds; He is fully aware of what they do.
11:119 Surah Hud
Except for those upon whom your Lord has bestowed mercy. For this purpose He created them. Indeed, the decree of your Lord—“I will fill Hell with jinn and humans”—will surely come to pass.
Except for those upon whom your Lord has bestowed mercy; and for that He created them; and the decree of your Lord has been fulfilled: “I will surely fill Hell with the jinn and all mankind.”
Illa men rahime rabbuk, ve li zalike halakahum, ve temmet kelimetu rabbike le emleenne cehenneme minel cinneti ven nasi ecmain
In this verse, Almighty Allah declares that He created His believing servants—those who are God-fearing and conscious of their responsibilities—in order to grant them His mercy. We must not forget that we are in a continuous test to become among those who are granted Almighty Allah’s mercy.
11:121 Surah Hud
Say to those who do not believe: “Do whatever you can. We, too, are doing our part.”
وَقُلْ لِلَّذ۪ينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ اعْمَلُوا عَلٰى مَكَانَتِكُمْۜ اِنَّا عَامِلُونَۙ
Ve kul lillezine la yu’minuna’melu ala mekanetikum, inna amilun
It is clear that these wrongdoers do not believe in the verses of Almighty Allah.
11:122 Surah Hud
“Wait! Indeed, we, too, are waiting.”
Wait, for indeed, we are waiting.
Ventazır, inna muntazırun.
In the magnificent verses of Surah Al-Mearij, where Almighty Allah pointed out the relativity of time 1,400 years ago, our Lord declares that “the oppressors see the punishment as distant”; but the Hour is near. Those who drop bombs in the middle of the city and kill the innocent—men, women, and children—without distinction think their deeds will go unpunished; let them continue to think so, while we return to our verses;
70:1, Surah Al-Mearij
One who asked for the punishment that is to come.
سَاَلَ سَٓائِلٌ بِعَذَابٍ وَاقِعٍۙ
Se ele sailun bi azabin vakı’n.
70:2 Surah Al-Mearij
The punishment that cannot be averted for the disbelievers.
For the disbelievers, there is no one to ward it off.
Lil kafirine leyse lehu dafi’.
“A disbeliever is one who conceals the verses of Almighty Allah—one who turns a blind eye to them or covers them up. Thus, even a person who claims to be a Muslim, if they turn a blind eye to Allah’s verses or cover them up with various tricks and deceptions, naturally becomes a disbeliever.”
70:3 Surah Al-Mearij
From Allah, the Owner of the Ascents (the places of ascent and descent).
From Allah, the Possessor of the Ascents.
Minallahi zil mearic.
70:4 Surah Al-Mearij
The angels and the Spirit ascend to Him in a day whose duration is fifty thousand years.
The angels and the Spirit ascend to Him in a day whose duration is fifty thousand years.
Ta’rucul melaiketu ver ruhu ileyhi fi yevmin kane mikdaruhu hamsine elfe seneh.
70:5 Surah Al-Mearij
So be patient with beautiful patience.
So be patient with beautiful patience.
Fasbir sabren cemila.
70:6 Surah Al-Mearij
They see it as being far away.
Indeed, they see it as being far away.
Innahum yaraunahu ba’ida.
Surah Mearic 70/7
We see it as being near.
And We see it as near.
And we see it as near.
As shown below, a total of 70 crew members served on 7 aircraft during the bombing of Hiroshima, which caused the tragic deaths of hundreds of thousands of people. Seeing these 7 aircraft and 70 crew members inevitably brings to mind the 7 gates of Hell, the 77 mentions of the word “Hell,” and the 70 mentions of the Day of Judgment in the Quran. Surah Al-Mearij is the 70th surah, and in verse 7, our Lord refers to the torment of Hell. (70/7)
In the Surah al-Mutaffifin, the word “Siccin” also appears in the 7th verse: “The record of the wicked is in Siccin.” The word “Hell” appears exactly 77 times in the Quran, and there are 7 gates of Hell (Hicr/44).
| Number of Planes | Number of Crew Members |
| Enola Gay (the B-29 that carried the atomic bomb). | 12 |
| The Great Artiste. | 12 |
| Necessary Evil. | 10 |
| Full House. | 9 |
| Jabit III. | 9 |
| Straight Flush. | 9 |
| Big Stink. | 9 |
| Total=7 | Total=70 |
“Wait! We, too, are certainly among those who wait.” (11:122)
Now let’s look at some other aspects of exceeding limits;
Genetically Modified Foods
Genetically modified foods (GMOs) are products obtained by adding genes from another organism to an organism’s DNA in a laboratory setting or by modifying its existing genes. This technology was developed to increase yields, provide pest resistance, enhance drought tolerance, or extend shelf life.
However, scientific, ethical, and environmental debates regarding their long-term effects are still ongoing. In addition to the harm they cause to nature, the profits that large corporations stand to gain through monopolization lead to excessive exploitation in several ways.
Some researchers believe there may be indirect effects on the endocrine system, the immune system, and the gut microbiome. The transfer of genes from one organism to another can lead to the formation of unexpected proteins. This situation may increase the risk of allergic reactions in some individuals.
In some earlier GMO studies, antibiotic resistance genes were used as markers. Theoretically, the transfer of these genes to bacteria could lead to an increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Some researchers suggest that pesticide-resistant GMO products and the intensive use of agricultural chemicals could alter the gut flora.
The increase in herbicide use stands out as a significant problem. Some GMO crops have been developed to be resistant to specific agricultural chemicals. This could lead to increased chemical use. As a result, pesticide-resistant “superweeds” may develop.
Organisms in nature adapt. When the same chemicals are used for a long time, herbicide-resistant weeds can develop in this way.
The widespread adoption of crops with a uniform genetic makeup may lead to a decline in local seed varieties, reduced genetic diversity, and a decrease in biodiversity.
Pollen from GMO plants can be carried to other areas, potentially leading to gene transfer to natural plants.
While some genetic modifications target harmful insects, beneficial organisms such as bees and butterflies may also be affected.
The issue of seed monopolies is, of course, a significant factor; GMO technologies are mostly patented by large corporations (particularly in Israel). Farmers may be forced to purchase new seeds every year. This creates “seed monopolies,” which is an example of humans overstepping their bounds for economic gain.
The gradual disappearance of local and traditional seeds can lead to cultural and biological losses.
Some people oppose GMOs on ethical grounds, arguing that they interfere with nature, that gene transfer between species is unethical,
and that life is being turned into a commercial product.
The issue of GMOs is not merely scientific; it is a complex matter with environmental, economic, and ethical dimensions. It is clear that their long-term effects must be carefully investigated.
Could the Quran Point to the Harm of Genetically Modified Seeds?
2:204, Surah Al-Baqarah
There are some people whose words about worldly life please you. They call upon Allah to bear witness to what is in their hearts. Yet they are the most bitter of enemies.
وَمِنَ النَّاسِ مَنْ يُعْجِبُكَ قَوْلُهُ فِي الْحَيٰوةِ الدُّنْيَا وَيُشْهِدُ اللّٰهَ عَلٰى مَا ف۪ي قَلْبِه۪ۙ وَهُوَ اَلَدُّ الْخِصَامِ
And among the people are those whose speech in this worldly life pleases you, and who call upon Allah to bear witness to what is in their hearts, yet he is the most bitter of adversaries
2:205 Surah Al-Baqarah
When he turns away from you, he strives to spread corruption on earth and to destroy agriculture and its produce, as well as the offspring and lineage. But Allah does not love corruption.
And when he turns away, he strives on earth to cause corruption therein and to destroy the crops and the offspring; and Allah does not love corruption.
And when he turns away, he strives throughout the land to cause corruption therein and to destroy the crops and the offspring; and Allah does not love corruption
When these two words are considered together, it becomes clear that the people mentioned in verse 2:205 have corrupted the seed—which is the most important element in farming and agriculture.
Almighty Allah has declared that corrupting the seed is a great act of corruption and a major form of subversion.
How is the seed corrupted?
By altering the seed’s genetic structure. The genes of seeds are modified through processes known as Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). Supposedly, the purpose of this genetic modification is to produce more crops, increase yields, and provide resistance to pests.
However, those who produce these GMO seeds are corrupt and disruptive.
The new plants that grow from genetically modified seeds cannot be used as seeds themselves. In other words, they are completely sterile. They are not productive.
I’m sure everyone has heard of GMO seeds.
Israel is the world’s largest producer of these seeds. Purchased from the Israeli government at exorbitant prices, these seeds can be planted in the ground only once. The crops produced from this planting are sterile and cannot yield new seeds. This is because their genetics have been engineered that way.
Species Threatened in the Seas, on Land, and in the Air Due to Human Activities
Species around the world are facing ever-greater threats every day due to human activities. Humanity, which has been blessed by the Merciful, is showing great ingratitude in this regard as well. Industrialization, deforestation, environmental pollution, climate change, overfishing, and the destruction of natural habitats are seriously affecting living creatures in the seas, on land, and in the air.
I will briefly mention a few examples of species whose survival is seriously threatened; rest assured, there are hundreds of times more species facing similar threats than those I have listed.
Examples of Endangered Marine Species
Sea Turtles
Sea turtles may mistake plastic waste for food and consume it, and they can die after becoming entangled in fishing nets.
Whales and Dolphins
Marine pollution, ship strikes, and overfishing threaten these species.
Sharks
Many species are at risk, particularly due to fishing for their fins.
Examples of Endangered Land Animals
Tigers
Deforestation and poaching have reduced the tiger population.
Elephants
They are being hunted intensively due to the ivory trade.
Orangutans
Deforestation for palm oil production is reducing their habitats.
Polar Bears
The melting of glaciers due to global warming is threatening their habitats.
Examples of Endangered Species in the Air
Eagles
They are threatened by power lines and the loss of their habitats.
Migratory Birds
Climate change and urbanization are drying up water sources and affecting their migration routes.
Parrot Species
Many species are being harmed due to the illegal wildlife trade.
Many species face the threat of extinction due to human activities. Deforestation, poaching, overfishing, and environmental pollution are destroying natural habitats. Some scientists say we are currently experiencing the sixth major mass extinction event. Even the decline of pollinators, such as bees, poses a major threat to global agriculture.
Deforestation
Deforestation not only reduces oxygen production but also destroys the habitats of thousands of species. Deforestation increases erosion, disrupts rainfall patterns, and accelerates climate change. Damage to large ecosystems, such as the Amazon Rainforest, can affect the global climate.
Global Warming and Climate Change
In short, the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is raising the Earth’s average temperature. As a result, glaciers are melting, sea levels are rising, and extreme weather events are becoming more frequent. Droughts, wildfires, and floods are causing serious economic and humanitarian problems in many regions.
Noise and Light Pollution
The intense noise generated in large cities has negative effects on both humans and animals. Excessive use of artificial light disrupts the natural rhythms of nocturnal creatures and can affect their migration routes.
Electronic Waste
When cell phones, computers, and other electronic devices are thrown away, the heavy metals they contain harm the environment. Electronic waste has become one of the rapidly growing environmental problems of our time. In particular, electronic products that are not recycled cause serious soil and water pollution.
Depletion of Natural Resources
Excessive consumption of resources such as oil, natural gas, coal, and clean water could lead to major crises in the future. The reckless use of natural resources exacerbates both economic and environmental problems.
Degradation of Marine Ecosystems
Overfishing, marine pollution, and rising ocean temperatures pose a serious threat to marine ecosystems. The destruction of coral reefs is causing thousands of marine species to lose their habitats.
The damage inflicted on nature threatens not only the environment but also the future of humanity. Promoting recycling, utilizing renewable energy sources, protecting natural habitats, and adopting mindful consumption habits are of great importance for future generations. Humans are not the owners of nature but a part of it; if they exceed reasonable limits, they will have to face the consequences.
In conclusion, human activities pose a serious threat to biodiversity. Environmental protection, sustainable production methods, and the preservation of natural habitats are of the utmost importance. Humans must give thanks for all the blessings mentioned above—which the Almighty Allah has bestowed upon them as a mercy—and act responsibly and virtuously.
Sources
- World Health Organization (WHO) – Air Pollution Reports
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
- NASA Climate Change Reports
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Reports
- WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) – Biodiversity Reports
- National Geographic – Environmental Issues
- Greenpeace Environmental Reports
- TÜBİTAK Science and Technology Journal – Environmental Articles
- Encyclopaedia Britannica – Pollution and the Environment
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List
World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
National Geographic – Wildlife and Environment
Greenpeace International - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Only Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, knows best.
55:9, Surah Ar-Rahman
Observe justice in measurement; do not fall short in measurement.
وَاَق۪يمُوا الْوَزْنَ بِالْقِسْطِ وَلَا تُخْسِرُوا الْم۪يزَانَ
And uphold the scales with justice, and do not cause the scales to be deficient
- The best examples of how to determine whether a post has been made with moderation and justice are undoubtedly found in posts concerning the rights of orphans and women. The examples provided in the Quran—a universal book—regarding the periods in which the Prophets lived must be thoroughly understood by believers of sound mind, and the detailed and clear commands of the Quran must always be meticulously applied without ever losing sight of the fact that the Quran is timeless—in other words, that it speaks to all ages. Non-Qur’anic statements and actions—such as claiming, “This is how we’ve always done it from our fathers and ancestors, so this is how we divide the inheritance,” or failing to protect the rights of certain people deemed weak in matters of inheritance, other forms of distribution, or any kind of commerce—can lead both individuals and societies into sin.
- These verses aim to protect human dignity and ensure social balance. They are closely related to a person’s constant awareness that they are being tested and to living their life in this manner—without losing sight of the measure or balance—so that they may complete their life’s journey.
- In Verse 8, I mentioned two aspects of the failure to uphold the Balance. The first is a person’s transgression of the Balance in relation to Almighty Allah; this involves acting contrary to the purpose of human creation, becoming arrogant, forgetting that one is being tested, and consequently overstepping the Balance. and secondly, exceeding the limits in the blessings bestowed by the Almighty Allah as an act of mercy—which manifests itself in actions that disrupt the balance of nature, such as treating animals without mercy and behaving disrespectfully toward nature.
In verse 9, Almighty Allah commands that humans must not overstep the bounds in their social relationships; “Not deviating from justice, not cheating in business, being fair in the distribution of inheritance, not oppressing the weak, not pushing aside or mistreating orphans and the vulnerable, and not only refraining from acting in concert with the oppressor but also not standing by the side of the oppressors”—such important matters are included among the commands set forth in this verse.
- In the Qur’an, the protection of orphans, the safeguarding of women’s rights, and the establishment of justice are presented not only as individual ethical principles but also as fundamental elements of social order.
The Principle of Justice in the Quran
7:29, Surah Al-A’raf
Say: “My Lord has commanded justice. Turn your faces toward Him in every prostration, and pray to Him alone, dedicating your religion solely to Him (Allah)! Just as He created you in the beginning, so shall you return to Him in the end.”
قُلْ اَمَرَ رَبّ۪ي بِالْقِسْطِ۠ وَاَق۪يمُوا وُجُوهَكُمْ عِنْدَ كُلِّ مَسْجِدٍ وَادْعُوهُ مُخْلِص۪ينَ لَهُ الدّ۪ينَۜ كَمَا بَدَاَكُمْ تَعُودُونَۜ
Say: “My Lord has commanded justice. So direct your faces toward every mosque, and call upon Him, being sincere in your devotion to Him. Just as He brought you into being, so shall you return.”
In this verse, Almighty Allah declares that religion must be practiced solely for Him, that we must supplicate only to Him, and that He commands justice as well. (Almighty Allah does not forgive polytheism.)
16:90, Surah An-Nahl
Indeed, Allah commands justice, kindness, and helping relatives; and He forbids indecency, evil, and transgression. He admonishes you so that you may take heed.
Indeed, Allah commands justice, kindness, and giving to relatives, and forbids indecency, evil, and transgression. He admonishes you so that perhaps youmay you remember
Innallahe ye’muru bil adli vel ihsani ve itai zil kurba ve yenha anil fahşai vel munkeri vel bagy, yeizukum leallekum tezekkerun
When listing the qualities that believers should possess, Almighty Allah begins with “justice.” It must not be forgotten that the order of every word in the Qur’an is significant. There are many examples of this in the Qur’an. Some of the miracles of the Qur’an manifest themselves through the order of the words. Insha’Allah, I will provide examples in future articles, but here is one example for those who are interested:
4:58, Surah An-Nisa
Allah commands you to entrust responsibilities to those qualified for them and to judge with justice among people when you adjudicate. How excellent is the counsel Allah gives you! Indeed, Allah is All-Hearing, All-Seeing.
Indeed, Allah commands you to fulfill the trusts to those to whom they belong, and when you judge between people, to judge with justice. Indeed, Allah gives such excellent counsel—you with it. Indeed, Allah is All-Hearing, All-Seeing
Indeed, Allah commands you to return trusts to their rightful owners, and when you judge between people, to judge with justice. Indeed, Allah gives you excellent counsel through this. Indeed, Allah is All-Hearing, All-Seeing.
- The verse is clear: Rendering judgment with justice and entrusting matters to those qualified to handle them are commands of Almighty Allah. Favoritism—such as hiring or appointing a relative or close associate who is unqualified rather than the one who deserves it—and the failure to uphold justice are forbidden.
4:135, Surah An-Nisa
O you who believe! Be upholders of justice, bearing witness for Allah, even against yourselves, your parents, and your relatives! Whether those you testify against are rich or poor, Allah is closer to them than you are. Do not let your desires lead you astray from justice! If you distort your testimony or refuse to bear witness, know that Allah is fully aware of what you do.
O you who have believed, be upholders of justice, witnesses for Allah, even against yourselves, your parents, and your relatives. If itbe rich or poor, Allah is more worthy of both of them; so do not follow your desires, lest you deviate from justice. And if you turn away or turn your faces away, then indeed, Allah is fully aware of what you dowell-informed
O you who have believed, be upholders of justice—witnesses for Allah—even if it be against yourselves, your parents, or your relatives. Whether he is rich or poor, Allah is more worthy of both of them; so do not follow your desires, lest you deviate from justice. And if you turn away or turn your faces away, then indeed, Allah is ever fully aware of what you do.
5:8 Surah Al-Ma’idah
O you who believe! Be steadfast upholders of justice, bearing witness for Allah! Let not your anger toward a people lead you to injustice! Be just! That is closer to piety (toward Allah). Fear Allah! Indeed, Allah is fully aware of what you do.
O you who have believed, be upholders of justice for the sake of Allah, and be witnesses with fairness. And let not the hatred of a people lead you away from justice. be just; that is closer to piety. And fear Allah; indeed, Allah is fully aware of what you do
O you who have believed, be upholders of justice for the sake of Allah, witnesses to the truth, and let not the enmity of a people lead you away from justice. Be just; that is nearer to piety. And fear Allah; indeed, Allah is fully aware of what you do
49:9 Surah al-Hujurat
If two groups of believers fight one another, make peace between them! If one group attacks the other, fight the aggressors until they return to Allah’s command! If they desist from fighting and return, then make peace between them with justice and act justly! Indeed, Allah loves those who act justly.
وَاِنْ طَٓائِفَتَانِ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِن۪ينَ اقْتَتَلُوا فَاَصْلِحُوا بَيْنَهُمَاۚ فَاِنْ بَغَتْ اِحْدٰيهُمَا عَلَى الْاُخْرٰى فَقَاتِلُوا الَّت۪ي تَبْغ۪ي حَتّٰى تَفsubmit to the command of Allah. But if it submits, then reconcile them with justice and be equitable. Indeed, Allah loves those who are equitable.
And if two groups among the believers fight, then reconcile between them; but if one of them aggresses against the other, then fight the one that aggresses until it submits to the command of Allah; and if it submits, then reconcile between them with justice and be fair; indeed, Allah loves those who are just
- The Topic of Bearing Just Witness
2:282, Surah Al-Baqarah
O you who believe! When you enter into a loan transaction with one another for a specified term, write it down. Whoever writes it down should write it down fairly. Let him not refuse to write it down as Allah has taught him; let him write it down. And let the debtor dictate it. Let him fear Allah, his Lord, and let him not reduce anything from it. If the debtor is of unsound mind, incapacitated, or unable to speak or dictate the terms himself, then let his guardian have it written down fairly. Take two men from among yourselves as witnesses. If two men cannot be found, then take one man and two women whose testimony you accept—so that if one of them forgets, the other can remind her. Let the witnesses not refuse when they are called upon. Whether the amount is small or large, do not be reluctant to write it down along with its due date. This is the most just in the sight of Allah, the most reliable for testimony, and the most appropriate to prevent you from harboring doubts. However, transactions that you conduct immediately among yourselves and settle in cash are a different matter; there is no harm in not writing these down. When you conduct a transaction, have witnesses present. Do not cause harm to either the witness or the scribe. If you do so, you will have wronged yourselves. Fear Allah. Allah teaches you what is necessary for you. And Allah is All-Knowing.
O you who believe, when you enter into a loan agreement for a specified term, write it down. Let a scribe write it down between you in a just manner, and let not a scribe to write as Allah has taught him; let him write. And let the one upon whom the debt is owed dictate the terms, and let him fear Allah, his Lord, and let him not diminish anything from it. But if theone upon whom the right is a fool, or weak, or unable to dictate the terms himself, then let his guardian dictate them justly. And call to witness two male witnesses from among you; if there are not two men, then one man and two women from among those whom you approve as witnesses—so that if one of them errs, the other may remind her. And let notthe witnesses when they are called upon. And do not grow weary of recording it—whether small or large—until its due time. That is the most just in the sight of Allah, andis the fairest course for bearing witness and the surest way to prevent doubt—unless it is a spot-settlement transaction that you conduct among yourselves; in that case, there is no sin upon you for not writing it down; and have witnesses when you conduct business transactions. Neither the scribe nor the witness should be wronged; and if you do so, then indeed, that is a transgression on your part. And fear Allah; and Allah teaches you; and Allah is All-Knowing of all things
O you who have believed, when you enter into a debt transaction for a specified term, write it down; and let a scribe write it down between you with justice, and let the scribe not refuse to write it as Allah has taught him; so let him write it. Let the one upon whom the debt is owed dictate it, and let him fear Allah, his Lord, and let him not omit anything from it. But if the one upon whom the debt is owed is foolish, or weak, or unable to dictate it himself, then let his guardian dictate it justly, and call as witnesses two men from among you; but if there are not two men, then one man and two women from among those whom you accept as witnesses—so that if one of them errs, the other may remind her—and let the witnesses not refuse when they are called upon, and do not hesitate to write it down—whether it be small or large—until its due time. That is the most just in the sight of Allah and the most upright for testimony, and the least likely to cause doubt, unless it is a present transaction that you conduct among yourselves; in that case, there is no sin upon you if you do not write it down, but bring witnesses when you make the transaction, and neither the scribe nor the witness shall be wronged; and if you do so, it is indeed a transgression on your part. So fear Allah, and Allah will teach you; and Allah is All-Knowing of everything.
This passage—the longest verse in the Qur’an, spanning a full page and known as “Deyn” (debt) or “Mudayana” (mutual borrowing)—establishes the requirement to document, have documented, and have witnesses present for transactions involving deferred payment. When witnesses are called upon, they must not refuse to testify. Do not conceal your testimony.
This verse requires transparency, documentation, and honesty in commercial and legal relationships.
The conclusion that “two women are equivalent to one man” cannot be drawn from this verse. On the contrary, it refers to the testimony of two women as a safeguard against the possibility of a man—who may lack sufficient knowledge, experience, or focus regarding the matter—becoming confused. If one of the women becomes confused, the other’s reminder ensures that a state of exact equality is already established. According to the rationale of “confusion and reminder” in the verse, if the first woman does not become confused, there is no need for the second woman’s testimony. The message of this verse should be read in conjunction with verses 24:6–9 of Surah An-Nur, which speak of the equality of testimony—and even of the fact that a woman’s testimony is more effective than a man’s. Through His warnings, Almighty Allah teaches His servants what their duties regarding social and economic life entail, and He states that He provides this guidance because He is All-Knowing.
- Note: It is inconceivable that the Almighty Allah, who commands that even a debt be written down and that witnesses be present while it is being written, would not have had the Qur’an written down (or commanded that it be written down) at the time of its revelation. The claim that the Qur’an was written down later and was only memorized during the time of the Messenger of Allah is incompatible with reason and the Qur’an itself (see Surah al-Tur 2:3, Surah al-Abasa 13–15)
Surah Talak 65:2
When their waiting period has ended, either retain them in a manner that is just, or part from them in a manner that is just. And let two just persons among you bear witness. Bear witness for the sake of Allah. This is the counsel given to those who believe in Allah and the Last Day. Whoever fears Allah, He will provide a way out for him.
So when their waiting period has ended, either keep them in a manner that is just, or part from them in a manner that is just. And call to witness two just persons from among you, and uphold the testimony for the sake of Allah. That isan admonition for those who believe in Allah and the Last Day. And whoever fears Allah—He will make a way out for him.
So when their term has come to an end, either retain them in a fair manner or release them in a fair manner, and call to witness two just persons from among you, and uphold the testimony for the sake of Allah; this is what is enjoined upon those who believe in Allah and the Last Day, and whoever fears Allah—He will make a way out for him
- The Topic of Safeguarding the Rights of Orphans in the Qur’an
6:152, Surah Al-An’am
Do not approach the property of an orphan until he reaches maturity. Measure and weigh with fairness. We do not burden any soul beyond its capacity. When you speak, be truthful—even if it is against a relative. Fulfill your covenant with Allah. These are the instructions He has given you so that you may take heed.
وَلَا تَقْرَبُوا مَالَ الْيَت۪يمِ اِلَّا بِالَّت۪ي هِيَ اَحْسَنُ حَتّٰى يَبْلُغَ اَشُدَّهُۚ وَاَوْفُوا الْكَيْلَ وَالْم۪يزَانَ بِالْقِسْطِۚ لَا نُكَلِّفُ نَفْسexcept according to its capacity. And when you speak, be just, even if it concerns a close relative. And fulfill the covenant of Allah. That is what He has enjoined upon you, so that you may take heed.
And do not approach the property of an orphan except in the best manner until he reaches maturity, and fulfill the measure and the balance with justice; We do not burden any soul beyond its capacity; and when you speak, be just, even if it concerns a close relative; and fulfill the covenant of Allah; this is what We have enjoined upon you, so that you may take heed
In the same verse, the property of orphans and justice are mentioned together, and this verse commands justice both in matters of property and in matters of word. It reminds us of the covenant (ahd) we made with the Exalted Allah before we were born (the Second Creation).
2:220, Surah Al-Baqarah
(Allah explains His verses in this way so that) you may reflect on both this world and the Hereafter. They ask you about orphans. Say: “The best course is to improve their situation.” If you live with them (as a family), know that they are not merely your children but your brothers and sisters. Allah knows how to distinguish between those who harm them and those who improve their situation. Had Allah chosen otherwise, He would certainly have put you in distress. Allah is ever the Most Exalted, and all His decisions are just.
In this world and the Hereafter. And they ask you about the orphans. Say: “Improving their situation is best.” And if you live with them, they are your brothers. And Allah knows the corrupter from the reformer. And if Allah had willed, He could have caused you hardship. Indeed, Allah is Mighty, Wise
In this world and the Hereafter, and they ask you about orphans. Say: “Reform is best for them. And if you mix with them, they are your brothers. And Allah knows the corrupter from the reformer. And if Allah had willed, He could have made things difficult for you. Indeed, Allah is Mighty, Wise.”
The Qur’an states that adopted children cannot be considered biological children in any respect (Al-Ahzab 33:4–5). Almighty Allah married our Prophet to Zaynab, whom his adopted son Zayd had divorced, so that the understanding that an adopted child does not hold the status of a biological child might be firmly established in people’s minds (Al-Ahzab 33:37–38).
4:2 Surah An-Nisa
Give orphans their property when they come of age! Do not exchange the good for the bad! Do not consume their property along with your own (as if it were your own)! Indeed, that is a great sin.
وَاٰتُوا الْيَتَامٰٓى اَمْوَالَهُمْ وَلَا تَتَبَدَّلُوا الْخَب۪يثَ بِالطَّيِّبِۖ وَلَا تَأْكُلُٓوا اَمْوَالَهُمْ اِلٰٓى اَمْوَالِكُمْۜ اِنَّهُ كَانَ حُوباً great
And give the orphans their property, and do not exchange the bad for the good, and do not consume their property along with your own. Indeed, that is a great sin
4:6 Surah An-Nisa
Test the orphans (by caring for them) until they reach marriageable age! (Their decision-making ability must be tested.) If you see maturity in them, hand over their property to them immediately! Do not consume their property (the orphans’ assets) wastefully or hastily, thinking, “They will grow up and take it back!” Let the wealthy guardian not encroach upon the orphan’s property; let the poor one consume only what is appropriate for his needs! When you hand over their property to them, have witnesses present! Allah is sufficient as the Accountant.
And test the orphans until they reach marriageable age. Then, if you perceive them to be of sound judgment, hand over their property to them. And do not consume it wastefullyand hastily before they come of age. And whoever is wealthy should abstain; and whoever is poor may consume it in a reasonable manner. So when you have handed over their wealth to them, thenbear witness against them. And Allah is sufficient as a Reckoner
And take care of the orphans until they reach marriageable age; then, if you find them to be of sound judgment, hand over their property to them, and do not consume it wastefully or hastily, lest they grow up. And whoever is wealthy should exercise self-restraint, and whoever is poor should consume it in a reasonable manner. Then, when you have returned their property to them, call witnesses to bear witness against them. And Allah is sufficient as a Reckoner.
17:34 Surah Al-Isra
Do not approach the property of an orphan except in the best manner until he reaches maturity! And fulfill your promises! Indeed, a promise entails responsibility.
And do not approach the property of an orphan except in the best manner until he reaches maturity; and fulfill your pledge. Indeed, a pledge entails accountability.
And do not approach the property of an orphan except in the best manner until he reaches maturity; and fulfill your covenants. Indeed, one will be held accountable for one’s covenants.
4:10 Surah An-Nisa
Those who unjustly consume the property of orphans are merely filling their bellies with fire. Indeed, they will soon be cast into a blazing fire.
Indeed, those who unjustly consume the property of orphans—they are merely consuming fire within their bellies. And they will be cast into a blazing Fire.
Indeed, those who consume the property of orphans unjustly—they are merely consuming fire within their bellies. And they will be cast into the Blaze.
- The Protection of Women’s Rights in the Qur’an
4:1 Surah An-Nisa
O people! Fear your Lord, He who created you from a single soul and created from it its mate, and from the two of them spread countless men and women; and fear Allah—through whom you make your requests—and be mindful of the wombs; indeed, Allah is ever watchful over you.
O people, fear your Lord, who created you from a single soul and created from it its mate, and from the two of them spread many men and women; and fear Allah whom you ask one another about, and the ties of kinship. Indeed, Allah is ever a Watcher over you
O people, fear your Lord—He who created you from a single soul, and from it created its mate, and from the two of them spread forth many men and women. And fear Allah—by whom you ask one another—and the ties of kinship. Indeed, Allah is ever a Watcher over you.
To be God-fearing means to fear Allah; fearing Allah first and foremost requires an awareness of His existence. Fearing the Almighty Allah means, with this awareness, to avoid what He dislikes and to draw near to Him by doing what He desires, so as not to stray from His attribute of “the Most Merciful.” It means to hold His commands and prohibitions—that is, the Qur’an—in the highest regard in order to live in a manner pleasing to Him. It means showing respect to Almighty Allah
Since the name of the surah in which this verse appears is “Nisa” (Women), and since this is the first verse of that surah, and since the verse refers to the creation of men and women and their spreading across the earth as men and women, it seems reasonable to interpret the reference in the verse as referring to women and girls—who possess the womb, the primary meaning of the word “Rahim.”
In this verse, Almighty Allah commands that all people must be God-conscious toward girls and women who possess a womb. The word “taqwa” is an important concept in the Quran. It must be properly understood. Looking at its dictionary meaning: to guard, to preserve, to take good care of, to shield, to protect, to prevent or obviate danger, to be wary, to be cautious, to fear—out of respect for Allah, to fear straying from Him, to seek shelter from the rain, caution, and prudence. Hans Wehr, 4th ed., page 1282 (of 1303)
In light of this information, being pious toward women and girls who are mothers means refraining from wronging them. It means refraining from disrespecting their rights and upholding justice. It means treating them with respect.
Note: The phrase at the beginning of the verse, “Fear your Lord, who created you from a single soul and created from it (that female, in which the X chromosome developed first, followed by the Y chromosome) its mate (the male counterpart of that female) and spread from the two of them many men and women” section—click the link for a detailed scientific analysis and the miracle of the Quran:
49:13, Surah al-Hujurat
O people! We created you from a single male and a single female. We divided you into tribes and clans so that you may come to know one another. The most honorable of you in the sight of Allah is the one who is most righteous. Indeed, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Aware.
O people, indeed We have created you from a male and a female and made you into nations and tribes so that you may come to know one another. Indeed, the most honorable of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous among you; indeed, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Aware.
O people, indeed We have created you from a male and a female and made you into nations and tribes so that you may come to know one another; indeed, the most honorable of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous among you; indeed, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Aware.
The verses are clear: there is no question of a woman’s superiority over a man or a man’s superiority over a woman in the sight of Almighty Allah. The superior one is the “pious” one—that is, the issue is being a responsible, virtuous believer.
4:4 Surah An-Nisa
Give women their dowries in full. If they, of their own free will, give you a portion of it as a gift, you may accept it with a clear conscience.
وَاٰتُوا النِّسَٓاءَ صَدُقَاتِهِنَّ نِحْلَةًۜ فَاِنْ طِبْنَ لَكُمْ عَنْ شَيْءٍ مِنْهُ نَفْساً فَكُلُوهُ هَن۪ٓيـٔاً مَر۪ٓيـٔاً
Ve atun nisae sadukatihinne nıhleh. Fe in tıbne lekum an şey’in minhu nefsen fe kuluhu henien meria.
4:19 Surah An-Nisa
O you who believe! It is not lawful for you to inherit from women by force. And do not pressure them to return anything you have given them, unless they have committed a clear act of immorality! And live with them in kindness; for even if they seem repulsive to you, Allah may have ordained much good in something you dislike.
O you who believe, it is not lawful for you to inherit women against their will. Nor should you pressure them to take back part of what you have given them, unless they commit a clear act of immorality. And live with them in kindness. But if you dislike them, it may be that you dislike a thing and Allah placesmuch good
O you who have believed, it is not lawful for you to inherit women against their will. And do not treat them harshly in order to take back part of what you have given them, unless they commit a clear immorality; and live with them in kindness. But if you dislike them, it may be that you dislike a thing and Allah brings through it much good.
You may not forcibly inherit women’s property. It is forbidden. Just as men do, women also have the right to make a will as they wish before they die. If death occurs without a will, verses 4:11, 4:12, and 4:118 apply. Undoubtedly, the same applies to men. We understand from verse 2:229 that if a woman wishes to divorce, she must return the dowry she received at the beginning of the marriage to her husband. This payment serves as compensation for freeing herself from the marriage. There is no sin in a man accepting the compensation paid by a woman who wishes to divorce. Therefore, it is not permissible to force women to divorce of their own volition by creating discord in order to reclaim part of the dowry (mehr) given to them as a right of marriage. Even in unpleasant situations—other than adultery—every effort must be made to maintain the marriage. Almighty Allah has informed us that He has placed much good and benefit even in things that are unpleasant.
4:32, Surah An-Nisa
Do not covet the things that Allah has bestowed upon some of you more than others. Men have a share of what they earn, and women have a share of what they earn. Ask Allah for His bounty. Indeed, Allah is All-Knowing.
وَلَا تَتَمَنَّوْا مَا فَضَّلَ اللّٰهُ بِه۪ بَعْضَكُمْ عَلٰى بَعْضٍۜ لِلرِّجَالِ نَص۪يبٌ مِمَّا اكْتَسَبُوا وَلِلنِّسَٓاءِ نَص۪يبٌ مِمَّا اكْتَسَبْنَ; and ask Allah of His bounty; indeed, Allah is All-Knowing of all things
And do not covet what Allah has bestowed upon some of you over others. For men is a share of what they have earned, and for women is a share of what they have earned. Ask Allah for His bounty; indeed, Allah is All-Knowing of all things.
9:71 Surah At-Tawbah
Believing men and believing women are allies of one another. They enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong. They establish prayer and pay zakat. They obey Allah and His Messenger. It is they whom Allah will have mercy upon. Allah is the All-Mighty, the Best of Judges.
And the believing men and believing women are allies of one another; they enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong, and they establish prayer and pay zakat, andobey Allah and His Messenger. It is they whom Allah will have mercy upon. Indeed, Allah is Almighty and Wise.
The believing men and the believing women—some of them are allies of others—they enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong, establish prayer, pay zakat, and obey Allah and His Messenger; those are the ones whom Allah will have mercy upon. Indeed, Allah is Almighty and Wise.
- The concept highlighted in this verse is noteworthy: Just as men are the “protectors” of women, so too are women the “protectors” of men.
33:35, Surah Al-Ahzab
Muslim men and Muslim women, believing men and believing women, (God-fearing) obedient men and (God-fearing) obedient women, truthful men and truthful women, patient men and patient women, (God-fearing) humble men and (God-fearing) humble women, men who give charity and women who give charity, men who fast and women who fast, men who guard their chastity and women who guard their chastity, men who remember God often and women who remember God often— for them, Allah has prepared forgiveness and a great reward.
Indeed, the Muslim men and Muslim women, the believing men and believing women, the devout men and devout women, the truthful men and truthful women, the patient men and patient women, and the humbleand the humble women, the men who give charity and the women who give charity, the men who fast and the women who fast, the men who guard their chastity and the women who guard their chastity, and the men who remember Allah frequently, and those who remember Him—Allah has prepared for them forgiveness and a great reward
Indeed, the Muslim men and women, the believing men and women, theminati, the devout men and women, the truthful men and women, the patient men and women, the humble men and women, the charitable men and women, the fasting men and women, and those who guard their chastity—as well as those who remember Allah frequently—Allah has prepared for them forgiveness and a great reward.
The pronoun “hum” at the end of the verse refers to all believers—both men and women—since there is no specific ruling regarding women here. In other words, Paradise is a place of reward not only for men but also for women who possess the qualities listed.
In the Qur’an, acts such as cheating in measurements and weights or in trade, betraying public trust, and embezzling public funds are described as “major sins,” and their punishment will be severe. Relevant verses include:
3:161, Surah Al-Imran
It is unthinkable for any prophet to embezzle what does not belong to him. Whoever embezzles what does not belong to him will appear on the Day of Resurrection—the day of rising from the grave—with what he has embezzled. Then everyone will be fully recompensed for what they have done. No one will be wronged.
وَمَا كَانَ لِنَبِيٍّ اَنْ يَغُلَّۜ وَمَنْ يَغْلُلْ يَأْتِ بِمَا غَلَّ يَوْمَ الْقِيٰمَةِۚ ثُمَّ تُوَفّٰى كُلُّ نَفْسٍ مَا كَسَبَتْ وَهُمْ لَا يُظْلَمُونَ
And it is not for a prophet to embezzle; and whoever embezzles will bring forth what he has embezzled on the Day of Resurrection; then every soul will be fully recompensed for what it has earned, and they will not be wronged.
Here, the term specifically refers to betraying a trust, secretly embezzling property, or encroaching upon public rights. A similar meaning is found in Surah al-Muddaththir, verse 74:38.
Surah al-Muddaththir 74:38
Every soul is held in pledge for what it has earned.
Every soul is held in pledge for what it has earned.
Kullu nefsin bima kesebet rehineh
2:188, Surah Al-Baqarah
Do not consume one another’s property unjustly. Do not resort to legal trickery to unjustly acquire a portion of another’s property, even though you know it is a sin.
وَلَا تَأْكُلُٓوا اَمْوَالَكُمْ بَيْنَكُمْ بِالْبَاطِلِ وَتُدْلُوا بِهَٓا اِلَى الْحُكَّامِ لِتَأْكُلُوا فَر۪يقاً مِنْ اَمْوَالِ النَّاسِ بِالْاِثْمِ وَاَنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ۟
Ve la te’kulu emvalekum beynekum bil batılı ve tudlu biha ilel hukkami li te’kulu ferikan min emvalin nasi bil ismi ve entum ta’lemun
This verse prohibits unjust gain, bribery, the acquisition of property through the courts or authorities, and knowingly depriving others of their rights.
83:1 Surah Al-Mutaffifin
Woe to those who cheat!
Woe to those who cheat!
Woe to those who cheat.
83/2 Surah Al-Mutaffifin
They measure and weigh precisely when they take.
Those who, when they measure out to others, take the full measure.
Ellezine izektalu alen nasi yestevfun.
83/3 Surah Al-Mutaffifin
But when they sell, they give less than the full measure or weight.
And when they measure or weigh for others, they shortchange them.
And when they measure or weigh for them, they shortchange them.
83/4 Surah Al-Mutaffifin
Do they not know that they will be resurrected?
Do those not think that they will be resurrected?
Ela yezunnu ulaike ennehum meb’usun.
83/5 Surah Al-Mutaffifin
For a great day.
For a great day.
Li yevmin azim.
83/6 Surah Al-Mutaffifin
On that Day, people will stand before the Lord of the Worlds.
On the Day when people will stand before the Lord of the Worlds,
Yevme yekumun nasu li rabbil alemin.
83/7 Surah Al-Mutaffifin
No! The records of the wicked are certainly in the Sijjin.
كَلَّٓا اِنَّ كِتَابَ الْفُجَّارِ لَف۪ي سِجّ۪ينٍۜ
Kella, indeed the record of the wicked is in Sijjin.
83/8 Surah Al-Mutaffifin
How could you possibly know what “Sijjin” is!
And what makes you know what Siccin is?
And how could you know what “Sijjin” is?
83:9 Surah Al-Mutaffifin
It is a book in which everything is recorded in detail.
A book in which everything is recorded.
Kitabun merkum.
Quranic verses stating that Prophet Shu’ayb was sent to warn the people against cheating in measurement and weight and depriving others of their rights; the verses go on to state that those who commit this sin will face a great punishment.
11:84 Surah Hud
We also sent their brother Shu’ayb to the people of Madyan. He said, “O my people, worship Allah; you have no god other than Him. Do not shortchange people in measure and weight. I see you living in prosperity, and I fear for you the punishment of a day that will engulf you.”
And to the people of Madyan We sent their brother Shu‘ayb. He said, “O my people, worship Allah; you have no god other than Him. Do not shortchange people in measure and weight. Indeed, I see youwith good, and indeed I fear for you the punishment of a day that will engulf you
And to the people of Madyan came their brother Shu‘ayb. He said, “O my people, worship Allah—you have no god other than Him—and do not shortchange people in measure and weight. Indeed, I see you prospering, and indeed, I fear for you the punishment of a day that will engulf you all.”
7:85 Surah Al-A’raf
We also sent their brother Shu‘ayb to the people of Madyan. He said, “O my people, serve Allah. You have no god other than Him. A clear proof has come to you from your Lord. Give full measure and weight. Do not deprive people of their due. Do not spread corruption on earth after it has been set right. If you affirm the truth, this is better for you.”
And to the people of Madyan, We sent their brother Shu‘ayb. He said, “O my people, worship Allah; you have no god other than Him. A clear proof has come to you from your Lord, so give full measure andthe scales, and do not shortchange people their due, nor cause corruption on earth after it has been set right. That is better for you, if you are believers.”
And to the people of Madyan, their brother Shu‘ayb said: “O my people, worship Allah; you have no god other than Him. A clear proof has come to you from your Lord, so give full measure and full weight, and do not defraud people of their due, and do not cause corruption on earth after it has been set right. That is better for you, if you are believers.”
- Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, knows best.
An Analysis of Verses 10–11 and 12 of Surah Ar-Rahman
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
55/8 Surah Ar-Rahman, Verse 10
He prepared the earth for all living creatures (made it habitable)
And the earth—He has made it for all living creatures.
Vel arda vedaaha lil enam.
The word “vedaaha” (to spread, to place) means, in the context of this sentence, “to make it habitable.” Almighty Allah, through His blessed Sunnatullah, has made our Earth a place where human beings can live. Approximately 4.6 billion years have passed since our Earth began to form after the Sun first shone. The age of our universe, however, is 13.8 billion years. These are current scientific findings. The first stage in making our Earth habitable was its creation; I have explained the creation of the Earth in detail in my article “The Creation of the Universe According to the Quran,” which you can find on this site; however, in my analysis of Surah Ar-Rahman—where the Quran mentions the blessings that Almighty Allah bestows upon humans and jinn—I must, of course, revisit this topic.
First, the formation of our Sun through the effects of electrostatic forces and gravity; then, the gathering of rocks and stone fragments orbiting it, followed by the formation and rounding of our Earth under the influence of the same forces; the cooling of the Earth’s extremely hot surface, the sending down of iron and water to Earth, the initiation of life in water, the creation of the magnetosphere and atmosphere that protect our Earth from harmful cosmic radiation, the fertilization of the soil on Earth, and the creation of plants, then animals, and finally humans—all of these occurred in accordance with the Sunnatullah of our Almighty Allah.
When our Almighty Lord created the universe, there was no “day”; a “day,” as we understand it, is one rotation of the Earth around its own axis. Since the Earth did not yet exist at the time of the universe’s creation, Almighty Allah uses the term “eyyamin” to denote the stages or phases. Given that the six stages span 13.8 billion years, each stage lasts 13.8/6 = 2.3 billion years. According to scientific findings, the age of the “Ard”—that is, our Earth—is 4.6 billion years. This means it spans two stages, as indicated in the Quran (Surah Fussilat, Verse 9), which is a great miracle. There is never any contradiction in the Quran (Surah An-Nisa, Verse 82).
Surah Fussilat, Verse 9
Say: “Do you indeed show ingratitude toward the One who created the earth in two days/phases? Do you see anyone equal to Him? He is the Lord of the worlds.”
قُلْ اَئِنَّكُمْ لَتَكْفُرُونَ بِالَّذ۪ي خَلَقَ الْاَرْضَ ف۪ي يَوْمَيْنِ وَتَجْعَلُونَ لَـهُٓ اَنْدَاداًۜ ذٰلِكَ رَبُّ الْعَالَم۪ينَۚ
Kul e innekum le tekfurune billezi halakal arda fi yevmeyni ve tec’alune lehu endada, zalike rabbul alemin
In the image above, matter compressed at the center by gravity forms the first Sun through a burst of light. With this burst of light, the “protoplanetary disk” expands and takes on the shape of a complete disk. Later, dust particles coalesce to form larger clumps. The largest clump gathers everything in its path, growing as it clears its orbit.
Approximately 4.6 billion years ago, Almighty Allah directed His attention toward the smoky heavens (the solar nebula: composed of 98% gas and 2% dust made of heavy metals) and, through the power of gravity, caused this nebula to rotate and condense. As the material compressed, the temperature and pressure at the center increased, and our Sun began to shine, emitting its first light and emerging as a “T Tauri” star. As the Sun began to shine, the disk of gas and dust (“protoplanetary disk”) moved away from the star and continued to rotate.
The images above show how Earth, as it rotates on its own axis and orbits the Sun, sweeps up small particles along its path, gradually growing from a single dust particle into the massive Earth we know today. During this rotation, materials clumped together to form small objects, such as pebbles; these then merged to form objects up to 200 meters in size, and eventually even larger bodies emerged. As the largest object in the orbit spun both on its own axis and around the Sun, it swept up the smaller objects in its path, causing our Earth to take on the shape of a round sphere. As this spherical body continued to revolve around the Sun and rotate on its own axis, it swept up and drew in the matter along its orbit, clearing its path; in this way, it swelled, grew, expanded, and took on the initial form of our Earth, known as the “Hadean.”
Regarding the formation of the Solar System—specifically, the preparation and enrichment of the nebula from which it would form—the Qur’an describes this process in four distinct stages, fully consistent with scientific findings: 2.3 × 4 = 9.2 billion years, a timeframe that aligns perfectly with current scientific evidence. When our universe was 9.2 billion years old, our Lord issued the command for the formation of our Earth and our Sun—that is, at the end of the fourth stage (Fussilat 10). There is never any contradiction in the Qur’an (Surah An-Nisa 82).
Surah Fussilat, Verse 10
There, He established firm mountains upon it. And He made it a land of blessing. For those who seek their sustenance there, He has decreed their sustenance within four days, without distinction
وَجَعَلَ ف۪يهَا رَوَاسِيَ مِنْ فَوْقِهَا وَبَارَكَ ف۪يهَا وَقَدَّرَ ف۪يهَٓا اَقْوَاتَهَا ف۪ٓي اَرْبَعَةِ اَيَّامٍۜ سَوَٓاءً لِلسَّٓائِل۪ينَ
And He placed mountains upon it, blessed it, and apportioned its sustenance within it in four days—equally for all who ask
Verses indicating how our Earth evolved from a small rock to its current form as the Solar System formed
The Spherical Shaping and Expansion of the Earth
Surah An-Naziat, Verse 30
He spread out the earth and made it round.
And after that, He spread out the earth.
And He spread out the earth after that.
There is a great miracle in this verse. The word “dehaha” in the verse was chosen very specifically by Almighty Allah. This word provides significant evidence regarding the formation of the Earth.
The word “dehaha” means “to spread,” “expanded,” or “extended”—that is, made wider, larger, or of a broader scope. After a heavy rain, a person might say: “The rain gathered the round pebbles, grouped them together, and piled them up.” (It drove the pebbles from the surface of the earth); like a child dragging something wooden along the ground and sweeping or clearing everything in front of them. The above explanations are taken from Lane’s Lexicon. Lane’s Lexicon, page 863 (of 3039).
When the word (دَحَاهَا) (dehaha) in the verse is considered in light of the above meanings, it conveys the gathering of fragments like pebbles to form a large, round object that is further enlarged and smoothed, and that clears away everything in its path. This word signifies the expansion of the Earth’s surface area. As a sphere grows, its surface area increases. The surface area expands, spreads out, and becomes wider
Surah al-Hajj, Verse 19
We spread out the earth and placed mountains upon it, and We caused every kind of plant to grow upon it in due measure.
وَالْاَرْضَ مَدَدْنَاهَا وَاَلْقَيْنَا ف۪يهَا رَوَاسِيَ وَاَنْبَتْنَا ف۪يهَا مِنْ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ مَوْزُونٍ
Vel arda medednaha ve elkayna fiha revasiye ve enbetna fiha min kulli şey’in mevzun.
The literal meaning of “medednaha” is “to extend, to expand, to distend,” according to the Hans Wehr Dictionary, 4th edition. The word “medednaha” provides another beautiful example of how the earth was expanded during the creation of our world; it means to spread out, to expand, or to enlarge by inflating. “Revasiye,” on the other hand, refers to structures driven like pegs into the mantle between tectonic plates, which prevent major continental movements.
Surah Al-Kaf, Verse 7
And again, We spread out the earth and placed firm mountains upon it. And We caused every kind of plant to grow in pairs upon it.
وَالْاَرْضَ مَدَدْنَاهَا وَاَلْقَيْنَا ف۪يهَا رَوَاسِيَ وَاَنْبَتْنَا ف۪يهَا مِنْ كُلِّ زَوْجٍ بَه۪يجٍۙ
Vel arda medednaha ve elkayna fiha revasiye ve enbetna fiha min kulli zevcin behicin
In this verse, there is a second miracle: Centuries before the development of botanical science, the Qur’an stated that every plant was created in “pairs” (“zevcin”) as described in the word “enbetna.” One might wonder, “Do apples and pears come in pairs?” Yet, just as the Qur’an states, all plants have pairs—some within the same flower, others in different flowers. It was impossible for this scientific discovery to have been known during the time the Qur’an was revealed. If, 1,400 years ago, someone had looked at an apple and said that apples have male and female varieties, people would have mocked him. But the Quran lays out the facts, and as science has advanced, the verses of the Quran have begun to be revealed. In some plants, such as apples, pears, and peaches, both male and female reproductive organs are found in the same flower; in others, such as hazelnuts and chestnuts, there may be only male or only female flowers on the same tree; and in some, such as pistachios, figs, and dates, they may be on separate trees. However, our Lord has created all plants “in pairs.” There is never any contradiction in the Qur’an. This is clear evidence.
Surah Shams, Verse 6
And the earth and He who spread it out
وَالْاَرْضِ وَمَا طَحٰيهَاۙۖ
Vel ardı ve ma tahaha.
Surah Nuh, Verse 19
Allah has made the earth spacious for you, expanded it, and spread it out
وَاللّٰهُ جَعَلَ لَـكُمُ الْاَرْضَ بِسَاطاًۙ
Vallahu ceale lekumul arda bisata
The word “Tehaha” means “to expand.” It means “to enlarge by expanding.” Lane’s Lexicon Dictionary defines the word “Bisata” as “to enlarge, to expand, to spread”; it means “to enlarge, to expand, and to spread.” Hans Wehr Dictionary, 4th edition. Both the volume and surface area of a sphere increase as the radius increases; as the radius extends, the surface area expands. The Quran describes in the verses above the process by which the world was created—by enlarging, spreading, and expanding a piece of rock to give it volume. Our Lord has pointed to the creation of the world in various verses; the Quran emphasizes the process of the world’s creation with the most beautiful words. It is a great miracle for those with knowledge.
The Quran announced that the world is round 1,400 years ago.
Surah Az-Zumar, Verse 5
He created the heavens and the earth in truth. He wraps the night around the day and wraps the day around the night. He has subjected the sun and the moon. All of them run their course for a specified term. Know well that He is the All-Mighty, the Most Forgiving.
خَلَقَ السَّمٰوَاتِ وَالْاَرْضَ بِالْحَقِّۚ يُكَوِّرُ الَّيْلَ عَلَى النَّهَارِ وَيُكَوِّرُ النَّهَارَ عَلَى الَّيْلِ وَسَخَّرَ الشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَۜ كُلٌّ يَجْرfor a specified term. Behold, He is the Almighty, the Forgiving.
He created the heavens and the earth in truth; He wraps the night around the day and the day around the night, and He has made the sun and the moon subservient; each runs its course for a specified term. Is He not the Almighty, the Forgiving?
The word “yukevviru” means “to make round, to wrap, to wrap around a round object, to give it a spherical shape.” “To roll up, to become round, to become ball-shaped, spherical.” In this verse, Almighty Allah declares that on the spherical earth, night wraps around day, and day wraps around night. The word “yukevviru” means to wrap or coil something spherical or ball-shaped. It is a great miracle and clear evidence.
The Quran announced 1,400 years ago that there are fissures between the continents and that the “Earth” is in motion
Surah Al-Tariq, Verse 12
I swear by the earth with its fissures
وَالْأَرْضِ ذَاتِ الصَّدْعِۙ
Vel ardı zatis sad’
The meaning of “s-sad” is “to crack, to break an object,” according to the Hans Wehr Dictionary. Modern science shows that the Earth’s crust is full of cracks. Our world’s outer crust is not a single, solid structure. It is divided into pieces, much like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. These are called tectonic plates. The different movements of these tectonic plates cause the continents to move. Earthquakes occur. Mountain ranges form. These tectonic movements are the greatest forces shaping the Earth’s surface. Almighty Allah may have been referring to the Earth’s tectonic fractures and fissures in this verse. The fissures and cracks that separate these tectonic plates are invisible to the naked eye. Most of them lie beneath the oceans. The fact that these massive fissures and cracks—which cannot be seen from the outside—are mentioned in the Quran, which was revealed 1,400 years ago, is strong evidence that the Quran comes from the Creator of the universe and our world. A human being who lived 1,400 years ago could not have known that the Earth possesses massive fissures and cracks. For this reason, verse 86:12 is also strong evidence that the Quran comes from Allah.
Another verse related to the geological phenomenon described in this verse is verse 88 of Surah An-Naml. In this verse, our Almighty Lord informs us that the Earth’s crust, which is riddled with fissures, is also in motion—albeit very slowly—just like the clouds.
Surah An-Naml, Verse 88
You look at the mountains and think they are stationary. Yet they move just as the clouds move. This is the work of Allah, who makes everything firm. He knows the inner reality of everything you do
وَتَرَى الْجِبَالَ تَحْسَبُهَا جَامِدَةً وَهِيَ تَمُرُّ مَرَّ السَّحَابِۜ صُنْعَ اللّٰهِ الَّـذ۪ٓي اَتْقَنَ كُلَّ شَيْءٍۜ اِنَّهُ خَب۪يرٌ بِمَا تَفْعَلُونَ
And you see the mountains and think they are stationary, yet they pass by as swiftly as the clouds—the work of Allah, who has perfected everything; indeed, He is fully aware of what you do.
How can mountains move?
The “lithosphere,” the outermost layer of the Earth, is in constant motion; however, because it moves so slowly, it is impossible to observe this movement or even notice it within a single human lifetime. Only after hundreds of thousands or millions of years have passed do we see the major shifts in the positions of the continents. It is impossible for a human to have understood this—especially 1,400 years ago—and this is clear evidence that the Qur’an comes from our Exalted Allah, the Creator of our world and the Lord of the Worlds.
According to modern geological findings: Approximately 335 million years ago, the continents of the world came together to form a single supercontinent. This supercontinent was called “Pangea.” Pangea broke apart approximately 175 million years ago and, over time, evolved into the continents we see today. The continental drift that our Lord explained to us in the Quran has occurred in this manner on our planet.
The example of mountains moving “like the movement of clouds” is also magnificent; through this example, our Lord points out that the continents move very slowly. I ask this of those who believe the Quran is not the Word of Allah: Why would the Prophet Muhammad have said such a thing? This is an event that cannot be perceived with the naked eye. Wouldn’t the polytheists say, “The mountains aren’t moving—where is the movement you spoke of? They’re all standing still”? Why would he put forward a claim that appears so obviously “wrong”?
This is clear proof that the Quran comes from the Lord of the Worlds.
The Descent of Water to Our World in the Quran
It is a great miracle. Following the cooling of the Earth’s extremely hot surface, water was brought to our world by asteroids and comets in our solar system.
Water from Asteroids
Strong scientific evidence suggests that a significant portion of Earth’s water may have come from water-rich asteroids. In particular, asteroids known as carbonaceous chondrites contain large amounts of water.
Comets
Comets contain large amounts of ice, so they are thought to have contributed to Earth’s water supply. However, they are not considered the primary source.
2:74 Surah Al-Baqarah
Then your hearts hardened after that; so that they became like stones—or even harder; and indeed, rivers gush forth from stones; and indeed, water splits from it (the stone), so that water emerges from it; and indeed, water descends from it (the stone); out of fear of Allah; and Allah is not unaware of what you do
Then your hearts hardened after that, so they are like stones—or even harder. And indeed, among the stones are those from which rivers gush forth; and indeed, among them are those from which watercracks open, and water flows out of it; and indeed, among them are some that fall down out of fear of Allah; and Allah is not unaware of what you do
Then, after that, your hearts become as hard as stone or even harder. And indeed, among stones are those from which rivers gush forth, and indeed, among them are those that split open so that water flows out of them, and indeed, among them are those that crumble out of fear of Allah; and Allah is not unaware of what you do.
The word (l-hicarati) means “stone.” Hans Wehr, 4th ed., page 185 (of 1303). It is used in the plural form in the verse.
The root of the word (l-enhar) means “flowing copiously,” “streaming forth,” “stream,” and “river.” Hans Wehr, 4th ed., page 1176 (of 1303). It is used in the plural form in the verse. It refers not only to rivers but also to water flowing in great abundance.
The root of the word “yeşşakkaku” means “to split,” “cleavage,” “to tear asunder,” and “to separate.” Steingass, page 548 (of 1241)
The root of the word (yehbitu) means to descend, to go down, to come down, or to fall down. Hans Wehr, 4th ed., page 1192 (of 1303). This word appears 8 times in the Quran, and in all instances it is used to mean “to descend to a lower level” (2:36, 2:38, 2:61, 7:13, 7:24, 11:48, 20:123).
When the verse is read based on this accurate translation:
There are stones from which rivers gush forth, from which abundant flowing water gushes forth; such a stone that, when split, water flows from it; such a stone from which water descends.
What are these stones that Almighty Allah refers to, and where are they?
Almighty Allah speaks of a rock that does not exist on Earth. Indeed, upon close examination, there is no rock on Earth from which water gushes in such abundance as to form rivers. The word “l-enhâr” means “rivers” as well as “abundant flowing waters.” There may be some forced analogies. Although water from springs inside a mountain emerging through cracks in the rock may appear as if water is coming out of the rock itself, in reality, there is no actual flow of water from within the rock itself. According to the verse, water must gush forth from the rock itself (that very rock). Another important point indicated in the verse is that the water descends from this rock. The word “yehbitu” means for something to descend or fall from a higher place to a lower one. This indicates that this water descends from the sky—that is, from outer space. Many verses of the Quran make it clear that Almighty Allah sends down water from outer space.
23:18, Surah Al-Mu’minun
We sent down water from the sky in due measure. And We settled it upon the earth. Indeed, We have the power to remove it as well.
وَاَنْزَلْنَا مِنَ السَّمَٓاءِ مَٓاءً بِقَدَرٍ فَاَسْكَنَّاهُ فِي الْاَرْضِۗ وَاِنَّا عَلٰى ذَهَابٍ بِه۪ لَقَادِرُونَۚ
Ve enzelna mines semai maen bi kaderin fe eskennahu fil ardı ve inna ala zehabin bihi le kadirun
This water—which Almighty Allah has sent down from space in a certain measure and caused to settle on the planet Earth—is the water contained within the numerous rocks (asteroids) that have struck our planet from space.
What are these rocks that carry large amounts of water?
There are two hypotheses regarding the nature of these rocks that brought abundant water to Earth. I mentioned these in the introduction: either comets or a type of asteroid known as carbonaceous chondrites, which contain large amounts of water. Comets are divided into the Oort Cloud family and the Jupiter family. According to calculations, approximately 4 billion years ago, changes in the orbits of Saturn and Jupiter caused a large number of rocks to be directed toward the inner planets. About 3.8 billion years ago, these rocks fell onto Earth in large quantities—along with the water and molecules they contained.
To understand where the water came from, the proportion of heavy water it contains is being studied. Specifically, the ratio of hydrogen atoms to deuterium atoms in the water (D/H) is being analyzed. The D/H ratio of water on Earth is 1.56 ×10⁻⁴. Studies have found that the D/H ratio of water in comets in the Oort Cloud is three times higher than that of water on Earth. Consequently, the likelihood that comets in the Oort Cloud are the source of Earth’s water has decreased. However, the D/H ratio of water in comets in the inner regions—known as the “Jupiter family”—is the same as that of water on Earth. Similarly, the D/H ratio of water-bearing asteroids known as “carbonaceous chondrites” is also the same as that of water on Earth.
Just as described in the verse, rocks containing large amounts of water struck the Earth; upon impact, the water separated from the rocks, and as a result, large amounts of liquid water gushed forth “like rivers.” Water reached the Earth from space via these rocks. These rocks continued to fall onto the Earth for a very long time. With this water descending from space, the Earth came to possess oceans and freshwater bodies. These rocks facilitated the origin of life through the organic compounds they contained, such as monomers and polymers.
During the early formation of our solar system, as our Sun began to shine, the small and large rocks and stones surrounding it—along with the water and other molecules they contained—dispersed toward the outer regions of the solar system.
Sources
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
ESA (European Space Agency)
Planetary formation studies published in the journal *Nature*
Studies on carbonaceous chondrites published in *Science*
Publications by the Lunar and Planetary Institute
The “Iron” Miracle in the Quran
Surah Hadid, Verse 57:25
It is certain that We sent Our messengers with clear proofs; We sent down with them the Book and the Balance so that people may act in accordance with truth and justice. We also sent down iron, which possesses great strength and is of great benefit to people. This is so that Allah may know who will sincerely support Him and His messengers. Allah is Mighty, Exalted.
Indeed, We have sent Our messengers with clear proofs, and We have revealed with them the Book and the Balance so that people may uphold justice. And We have revealed iron—in it is greatand benefits for mankind, and so that Allah may know who supports Him and His messengers in the unseen. Indeed, Allah is Mighty, Exalted.
Indeed, We sent Our messengers with clear proofs, and We sent down with them the Scripture and the Balance so that mankind might uphold justice; and We sent down iron—in it is great might and benefits for people—so that Allah may know who supports Him and His messengers in the unseen. Indeed, Allah is Mighty, Exalted.
The word “enzelna” means “to descend,” “to come down,” “to dismount,” or “to fall.” Hans Wehr, 4th ed., page 1122 (of 1303)
The word “l-hadide” means “iron.” Hans Wehr, 4th ed., page 188 (of 1303)
The word “be’sun” means “strength” and “fortitude.” Hans Wehr, 4th ed., page 50 (of 1303)
The root of the word “menafiu” means “beneficial” and “advantages.” Hans Wehr, 4th ed., page 1157 (of 1303).
Although this verse was revealed 1,400 years ago, it challenges everything by providing knowledge that was far ahead of its time.
The verse refers to the physical descent of iron.
When the word “sending down” is used, everyone understands it to mean bringing something that is above a reference point to a place that is lower. There is no doubt about this.
Thanks to modern science, the origin of iron on Earth—where it came from and how it arrived—is now fully understood.
Modern science tells us that iron fell to Earth from space. The iron that fell to Earth from space subsequently sank into the Earth’s core.
Where does the iron on Earth come from?
The first iron atoms in the universe were formed in the cores of stars. When massive stars—with masses ranging from 10 to 29 times that of our Sun—explode as supernovae, vast amounts of iron are scattered throughout space. Iron plays a very special role in the fusion reactions occurring in a star’s core. Two forces play a crucial role in a star. The gravitational force in a star’s core is so strong that it prevents the star from exploding outward. What prevents the star from collapsing inward due to its own gravity is the energy released by the fusion reaction. The fusion reaction involves hydrogen atoms combining to form helium atoms, releasing energy in the process. Helium atoms also combine with hydrogen atoms to form larger atoms in the star’s core, much like in a mine.
Iron has an atomic mass of 26. All elements lighter than iron—such as carbon, oxygen, fluorine, sodium, calcium, potassium, and nitrogen—are formed in the star’s core through a similar process. However, there is a very, very interesting situation regarding the element iron. Once iron is formed in the star’s core, the iron atom cannot undergo fusion. In other words, elements heavier than iron cannot be formed. Since iron cannot participate in fusion reactions, large amounts of iron accumulate in the star’s core. As the power of the fusion reaction diminishes, the gravitational force within the star’s core overcomes the outward pressure of the fusion reaction, and the star collapses inward at an incredible rate—within seconds. The shock of this collapse causes the star’s outer layers to explode outward. The collapsing star forms a neutron star composed of neutrons. The clouds of gas and dust scattered throughout space by the explosion contain large amounts of iron and elements lighter than iron.
This facilitates the formation of “iron” neutron stars (the Star of Tarik) and enriches space. It serves a very important function; in the verse, Almighty Allah says, “We sent down iron,” following the clear sign/evidence, as if the Glorious Qur’an were saying, “Here is yet another proof for humankind.”
The “Iron Catastrophe” process:
As the Earth grew, the force of gravity increased, causing the Earth to contract inward and become denser. This inward contraction caused the Earth to overheat. Heat was also generated as a result of radioactive decay. The extreme heat caused the iron, which was in a mixed state, to melt. Once the iron melted and became fluid, it began to flow toward the Earth’s center due to gravity. While the heavier elements flowed toward the Earth’s center in molten form, the lighter elements (silicon, soil, and rock) remained on top and formed the Earth’s upper crust. This event is known as the “Iron Catastrophe.” The Iron Catastrophe led to the Earth having a layered structure, which forms the fundamental structure of our world. The iron flowing toward the center later formed the Earth’s core and its magnetic field (magnetosphere), thereby protecting the Earth from harmful radiation coming from the Sun.
The Magnetosphere and the Northern Lights in the Quran
The movements of molten iron and nickel in the Earth’s liquid outer core generate electric currents. This process, known as the geodynamo, produces our planet’s magnetic field.
The magnetic field extends into space, forming a protective region called the magnetosphere.
The magnetosphere largely prevents solar winds from eroding the atmosphere.
Scientists believe that this protection plays a crucial role in keeping Earth habitable over the long term and in the emergence of life.
67:5 Surah Al-Mulk
And by God, We have adorned the lowest heaven with brilliant lights, and We have made it a sling against the devils (cosmic harmful rays), and We have prepared for them (the devils) a punishment—a sudden flash of light
وَلَقَدْ زَيَّنَّا السَّمَٓاءَ الدُّنْيَا بِمَصَاب۪يحَ وَجَعَلْنَاهَا رُجُوماً لِلشَّيَاط۪ينِ وَاَعْتَدْنَا لَهُمْ عَذَابَ السَّع۪يرِ
And indeed, We have adorned the nearest heaven with lamps, and We have made them stones to hurl at the devils, and We have prepared for them the torment of the Blazing Fire.
The term “semae dunya” refers to the lowest, most inferior, or lowest heaven.
In the Quran, the phrase “s-semae d-dunya” (the lowest heaven, the bottom heaven) appears in three verses (37:6, 41:12, 67:5). When considering the universe and other universes, the “worldly heaven” is the lowest and bottom heaven, which is the atmosphere of our Earth.
The characteristics of this lowest, most inferior, and lowest-lying heaven, as understood from the three verses mentioned, are:
- It possesses luminous and radiant, ornate structures.
- It is protected. It is safeguarded by Almighty Allah to prevent it from being harmed. Verse 41:12 states, “And We have adorned the sky of the Earth with lamps and protected it.” The word (حِفْظًا) “hifz” is used in this verse. The meaning of this word is “protection.”
- They are under attack by demons (cosmic harmful particles).
- Through Allah’s protective system, these demons are punished, disciplined, and neutralized, and fire (light) emerges.
If it were not for the magnetosphere, the development of life on Earth would not have been possible due to cosmic particles coming from the Sun and space. The mention of the creation of the magnetosphere and the benefits of iron in the Glorious Qur’an is a great miracle.
When considered in their entirety, these nearby celestial bodies—which disrupt natural structures and are harmful and destructive—are under bombardment by “demons.” These include high-energy particles emitted from the Sun that travel at near-light speeds, solar storms caused by solar flares, and harmful particles. In short, these can be called cosmic hazards. These hazards damage the DNA, RNA, and cellular structures found in all living beings; they destroy the atmosphere itself; and they disrupt and destroy natural processes.
Almighty Allah states, “I have established a protective system in the nearest heaven.” This protective system is made possible by the Earth’s magnetic field (magnetosphere) and the ionosphere. The image below illustrates the Earth’s magnetic field, the “magnetosphere.”
The Earth’s magnetic field directs these demons (corruptors) toward the poles. These demons collide with atoms (nitrogen and oxygen atoms) in the ionosphere (ejection zones) at the poles, charging the atoms with energy; with this high energy, electrons are ejected from the atoms and expelled (rucumen). As soon as the electron becomes free, photons (flashes) are immediately emitted—“s-seiyri.”
The atom becomes an ion. These ejected electrons then re-enter the orbits of other atoms.
Through this protective system of Allah, these demons are neutralized (azabe), and as a result, dazzling, radiant visual phenomena occur (bimesabiha).
These visual adornments are the polar lights (Aurora). How could a book revealed 1,400 years ago provide such detailed information about the protective function of the Earth’s atmosphere?
The celestial phenomenon (the Northern Lights) that Almighty Allah refers to as an “ornament” in the Glorious Qur’an, in the lowest of the heavens—our Earth’s sky—is shown in the image below.
The early atmosphere was quite different from today’s atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapor, and other gases emitted from volcanoes formed the atmosphere. As the planet cooled, water vapor began to condense, and the first oceans formed as a result of millions of years of rainfall and the accumulation of water transported by comets and, in particular, asteroids.
The origin of life in water is mentioned in the Quran.
25:11/21/30 Surah Al-Anbiya
Have those who disbelieve not seen that the heavens and the earth were once a single entity, and We separated them, and We created every living thing from water? Will they still not believe?
اَوَلَمْ يَرَ الَّذ۪ينَ كَفَرُٓوا اَنَّ السَّمٰوَاتِ وَالْاَرْضَ كَانَتَا رَتْقاً فَفَتَقْنَاهُمَاۜ وَجَعَلْنَا مِنَ الْمَٓاءِ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ حَيٍّۜ اَفَلَا يُؤْمِنُونَ
E ve lem yerellezine keferu ennes semavati vel arda kaneta retkan fe fetaknahuma, ve cealna minel mai kulle şey’in hayy, e fe la yu’minun.
Water (H₂O)is a molecule formed by the combination of two hydrogen and one oxygen atom. It exists in a liquid state within a specific temperature range. Due to certain chemical and physical properties, it differs from the liquid states of other substances. Because of these properties, it offers unique characteristics essential for the origin and continuation of life. It is an excellent solvent. It ensures that atoms are fluid enough to allow the formation of the carbon-hydrogen bonds necessary for life, enabling these bonds to form and the first molecules of living organisms to emerge. It serves as an excellent mediator for the chemical reactions required for the origin of life. It enables three-dimensional hydrogen bonding. There is no other liquid besides water that could initiate life and is as valuable for life as water. Modern science confirms the statement in the verse from 1,400 years ago, in which Almighty Allah says, “We created every living thing from water.”
2834/24/45 Surah An-Nur
Allah created every living creature that moves from water. Some of them crawl on their bellies, some walk on two legs, and some walk on four legs. Allah creates whatever He wills. Undoubtedly, Allah has power over all things.
وَاللّٰهُ خَلَقَ كُلَّ دَٓابَّةٍ مِنْ مَٓاءٍۚ فَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَمْش۪ي عَلٰى بَطْنِه۪ۚ وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَمْش۪ي عَلٰى رِجْلَيْنِۚ وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَمْشon all fours. Allah creates whatever He wills. Indeed, Allah has power over all things.
And Allah has created every living creature from water; among them are those that walk on their bellies, and among them are those that walk on two legs, and among them are those that walk on four. Allah creates whatever He wills; indeed, Allah is over all things competent.
The atomic weight of oxygen is 16, and that of hydrogen is 1; thus, the atomic weight of the water molecule “H₂O” is 18.
The first verse mentioning that life began in water, Surah Al-Anbiya, verse 30, is verse number 2511 in the Quran, while verse 45 of Surah An-Nur is verse number 2834 in the Quran. There are exactly 324 verses between these two verses—18 times 18 (18×18). This is a subtle sign in the Glorious Qur’an.
In Surah Rahman, which describes the blessings bestowed upon humans and jinn, Almighty Allah refers to plants in verses 11 and 12
55:11 Surah Ar-Rahman
Therein are fruits (everything that contributes to a life of pleasure) and dates; the date palms
ف۪يهَا فَاكِهَةٌۖ وَالنَّخْلُ ذَاتُ الْاَكْمَامِ
Fiha fakihetun vennahlu zatul ekmam
55/12 Surah Ar-Rahman
And grain, with its stalks and leaves; and basil
And the grain with its stalks and leaves, and the basil
Vel habbu zul asfi ver reyhan
In order for biodiversity to emerge, for life to be sustained through sustenance derived from the earth’s bounties, and for natural plants to be able to grow on land, Almighty Allah has brought the earth to life; there is a reference to this in verse 33 of Surah Yasin.
The formation of soil is one of the most important steps in enabling plants to spread across the land. This is because plants cannot establish extensive ecosystems directly on bare rock; they require an environment capable of retaining water, minerals, and supporting their roots.
In the early days of the Earth, the surface consisted largely of bare rock.
Over millions of years, wind, rain, temperature fluctuations, and processes of freezing and thawing broke down the rocks. This process is called weathering.
Later, the first microorganisms, fungi, and lichens began to live on rock surfaces. By chemically breaking down the rocks, they contributed to the formation of fine mineral particles. The remains of dead organisms mixed with these mineral particles, and humus began to form. Thus, the first true soils were formed.
THE IMPORTANCE OF SOIL FOR THE SPREAD OF PLANTS ON LAND
1. Water storage
2. Mineral supply
3. Root anchorage
4. Cooperation with microorganisms
THE CONTRIBUTION OF PLANTS TO THE SOIL
• Roots have broken down rocks more effectively.
• They have increased the amount of organic matter.
• They have made the soil more fertile.
• They have supported the formation of terrestrial ecosystems.
Soil was formed through the weathering of rocks and the accumulation of organic matter. It played a critical role in the spread of plants onto land, and plants, in turn, contributed to the development of soil. This process laid the foundation for the Earth’s current terrestrial ecosystems.
36/33 Surah Yasin
The lifeless earth is a sign for them. We have brought it to life and brought forth grain from it; from it they eat.
وَاٰيَةٌ لَهُمُ الْاَرْضُ الْمَيْتَةُۚ اَحْيَيْنَاهَا وَاَخْرَجْنَا مِنْهَا حَباًّ فَمِنْهُ يَأْكُلُونَ
Ve ayetun lehumul ardul meyteh, ahyeynaha ve ahrecna minha habben fe minhu ye’kulun.
This verse has generally been understood as follows: when rain falls from the sky, the barren earth comes to life, plants sprout, and bear seeds. People then eat the seeds produced by these plants. However, when considering the layered structure of the Qur’an and evaluating the verse thoroughly from a scientific perspective, a great miracle emerges. Following the Hadean Eon—Earth’s hot, rocky period—the planet began to cool. As I explained earlier, during the subsequent period, a large number of asteroids struck the Earth. These asteroids contained abundant amounts of frozen water. Each impact delivered a massive amount of water to the Earth, forming oceans. However, there was still no life on land or in the water. In other words, the Earth’s soil was lifeless. It was just as stated in the verse. In order for biodiversity to emerge and for life to be sustained by the bounties derived from the soil, Almighty Allah brought the Earth’s soil to life; the fact that this is mentioned in the verse is also a great miracle.
The Earth’s soil, which was once lifeless, first came to life approximately 700 million years ago when soil microorganisms evolved and colonized the soil, as stated in the verse. This was the first instance of life emerging.
Microorganisms found in the soil include bacteria. Bacteria take up and break down nutrients in the soil, releasing them to plant roots so that plants can utilize them. They digest dead plant matter, converting it into nutrients for the soil and contributing to the ecosystem. When they die, they return to the soil as nutrients. Actinomycetes: Some species of actinomycetes eliminate bacteria that are harmful to plants. They act like antibiotics. Fungi: Some types of fungi (mycorrhizae) enable plant roots to absorb water and nutrients more quickly. Protozoa: By feeding on bacteria, they help maintain balance in the ecosystem.
As can be seen, soil microorganisms have come to life through the process of evolution and their placement in the soil. Take a piece of soil the size of a pinhead right now and place it under a microscope; you will see that it contains billions of microorganisms.
In this way, the once-dead soil has been brought to life, and this is a sign, a “proof,” from our Lord.
The Miracle of Photosynthesis in the Quran
81:18 Surah al-Takwir
And by the morning, when it breathes
وَالصُّبْحِ اِذَا تَنَفَّسَۙ
Ves subhı iza teneffes
What does “the morning breathes” mean?
The event mentioned in the verse with the phrase “the morning’s breathing” is “photosynthesis.” Photosynthesis is a process that takes place in the leaves of trees and plants, as well as in some green algae. Plants draw gases into themselves and release certain gases through the stomata—tiny, numerous pores in their leaves that open and close.
Using sunlight—the light from the sun—plants break down the carbon dioxide they take in into carbon and oxygen atoms. They also break down water molecules (H₂O) into hydrogen and oxygen atoms. They then combine 6 carbon, 6 oxygen, and 12 hydrogen atoms to form a sugar molecule. This reaction produces 6 oxygen atoms. This process takes place in an organelle within the cells called a chloroplast. They release this oxygen into the atmosphere through respiration.
The chemical equation for photosynthesis is given below.
6CO₂+ 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ +6O₂
Just as humans inhaleoxygen and exhale carbon dioxide, photosynthesis works in exactly the opposite way. Trees and plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
Photosynthesis (respiration) occurs directly through sunlight and is only possible in the light. If there is no light—that is, before dawn—“respiration,” or photosynthesis, does not occur.
The stomata on the leaves remain closed at night; respiration begins in the morning when daylight appears.
The Miracle of Photosynthesis in the Quran
18:45, Surah Al-Kahf
And present to them an example of worldly life: it is like water which We sent down from the sky, and the plants of the earth mingled with it; so it broke up in the morning, scattered by the winds, and Allah has power over all things.
وَاضْرِبْ لَهُمْ مَثَلَ الْحَيٰوةِ الدُّنْيَا كَمَٓاءٍ اَنْزَلْنَاهُ مِنَ السَّمَٓاءِ فَاخْتَلَطَ بِه۪ نَبَاتُ الْاَرْضِ فَاَصْبَحَ هَش۪يماً تَذْرُوهُ الرِّيَاحُۜ And Allah has power over all things
Give them the parable of the life of this world as water which We sent down from the sky; the vegetation of the earth mingled with it, and it became dry stubble scattered by the winds; and Allah has power over all things
Our Lord has sent down water from the sky—whether as rain or via asteroids after it was formed in supernova explosions in the Tarik constellation—the Qur’an is always true. There is never any contradiction in the Qur’an (4:82, Surah An-Nisa)
As stated in the verse, water mixes with the vegetation on earth; then, “as understood from the verse,” the water remains in the vegetation until morning and breaks apart. (“Heşim” means “to break apart.”) In the morning, the water molecule is split into hydrogen and oxygen by light, and the oxygen atom is scattered by the wind. SubhanALLAH
This is a great miracle of the Quran.
The Quran’s Reference to Plants Being in Pairs
26:7, Surah Ash-Shu’ara
Do they not look at the earth—how many generous pairs We have created there?
اَوَلَمْ يَرَوْا اِلَى الْاَرْضِ كَمْ اَنْبَتْنَا ف۪يهَا مِنْ كُلِّ زَوْجٍ كَر۪يمٍ
E ve lem yerev ilel ardı kem enbetna fiha min kulli zevcin kerim.
31:10 Surah Luqman
He created the heavens without any pillar that you can see; and He cast into the earth firm mountains, lest it shake you; and He spread every living thing upon it; and We sent down water from the sky, so that We might bring forth from it every noble pair.
He created the heavens without any pillars that you can see, and He cast into the earth anchors so that it might not shake with you, and He spread throughout it every living creature; and We sent down water from the skywater, and We caused to grow therein every noble pair
He created the heavens in a single day—you can see them—and cast into the earth mountains so that it might not sway with you, and spread throughout it every kind of creature; and We sent down water from the sky, so We caused to grow therein every noble pair.
50:7 Surah Kaf
And We spread out the earth and set firm mountains upon it. And We caused every kind of plant to grow in pairs upon it.
And the earth—We spread it out, and We set firm mountains upon it, and We caused to grow upon it every kind of delightful plant in pairs.
Vel arda medednaha ve elkayna fiha revasiye ve enbetna fiha min kulli zevcin behicin.
36:36 Surah Yasin
Glory be to Him who created all pairs—from what the earth produces, from themselves, and from things they cannot know.
Glory be to Him who created all pairs—from what the earth produces, from themselves, and from what they do not know.
Subhanellezi halakal ezvace kulleha mimma tunbitulardu ve min enfusihim ve mimma la ya’lemun
In the verses above, Almighty Allah has clearly emphasized the most important characteristics of plants; they exist in pairs (male and female), they are bountiful, and the words “enbetna” and “feenbetna” mean “to grow plants,” “to sprout,” and “to seed.” Hans Wehr, 4th ed., page 1100 (of 1303)
The word “zevcin” means “pair,” “couple,” or “those who come together to form a pair.” Hans Wehr, 4th ed., page 447 (of 1303)
The word “kerimin” means “one who surpasses others in generosity” or “generous and open-handed.” Steingass, page 882 (of 1241)
In verse 36 of Surah Yasin, our Lord also states, “I have created pairs from things they cannot know.” We will encounter this verse again, insha’Allah, when examining verse 13 of Surah Ar-Rahman.
The sex of plants is determined by the presence of male or female reproductive organs in their flowers. Some flowers have both male and female reproductive organs on the same flower (hermaphroditic) (fruits: apple, pear, peach, plum, orange; vegetables: tomato, bell pepper, eggplant, bean). The flowers of some plants contain only male or only female reproductive organs (monoecious). If both male and female flowers are found on the same tree, it is called a monoecious species (hazelnut, walnut, chestnut, mulberry). If male and female flowers are found on separate trees, it is called a dioecious species (pistachio, fig, date palm, kiwi).
In any case, plants (even flowerless plants, in this case through spores) have male and female sexes and were created as pairs—as commanded by Almighty Allah.
Indeed, we see that plants are very generous. For example, a single apple seed planted in the ground yields an average of 80–150 apples without needing anything else (by self-pollinating).
Up to 55 kilograms of tomatoes can be harvested from a single tomato plant (from a single root). One mandarin orange tree yields an average of 100 kilograms of mandarin oranges.
There is never any contradiction in the Quran (Nisa/82)
41:47 Surah Fussilat
Knowledge of the (Final) Hour is reserved solely for Him (belongs to Him). No fruit can split open its shell without His knowledge; no female can conceive or give birth. On the day (Allah) calls out to them (the polytheists), “Where are My partners?” they will say, “We declare to You that there is no witness from us regarding this!”
To Him is referred the knowledge of the Hour; and no fruit emerges from its husk, nor does any female conceive or give birth, except by His knowledge. And on the Day He calls out to them, “Where are “My partners?” they will say, “We have already informed you—none of us is a witness.”
To Him is returned the knowledge of the Hour, and whatever fruit emerges from its husks, and whatever a female carries and gives birth to—it is only by His knowledge; and on the Day He calls out to them, “Where are My partners?” they will say, “We have already informed you: there is no witness among us.”
In this verse, Almighty Allah states that no fruit can emerge from its shell without His knowledge. The shell—the covering that conceals, protects, and shelters the fruit—is the seed’s shell. In this verse, Almighty Allah has used the word “fruits” instead of “seeds.” This is because there is no difference between a fruit’s tree, the fruit produced by that tree, and the seed within the fruit.
The material contained within the seed carries all the genetic material necessary for the formation of a fruit tree.
For a fruit tree and the fruit itself to form from a fruit seed,the seed must emerge from its shell.
Immediately afterward, Almighty Allah connects another sentence here using the conjunction “and.” He declares that no female conceives or gives birth without His knowledge.
There is a great miracle in this context as well. Just as the seeds of fruits emerge from their shells to be buried in the soil, the embryo (formed by the union of a female egg and male sperm) required for a female mammal (human, land animals, whale, dolphin) to become pregnant must also emerge from its shell (the zona pellucida) to implant in the uterus. We call this “hatching.”
What is the zona pellucida?
The zona pellucida can be defined as a glycoprotein-rich sheath, shield, or protective barrier surrounding the eggs of female mammals. It prevents multiple sperm from fertilizing the egg by allowing only a single sperm to enter.
The embryo must break through the zona pellucida to emerge. If it cannot do so, it dies.
After the blastocyst stage—known as the 5-day-old embryo—the embryo breaks through the membrane (zona pellucida) that completely surrounds it and emerges. The embryo that emerges from the shell attaches itself to the uterus and begins to receive nourishment from the mother. (The term “Alak,” mentioned in Surah Al-Mu’minun 23:14 after “Nutfah,” refers to this stage of the embryo as it attaches to the uterus.)
The image below illustrates the formation of an egg cell ready for fertilization, surrounded by the “zona pellucida,” which envelops it like a shell.
The Spread of Plants onto Land
Approximately 470 million years ago, when plants spread onto land, they absorbed large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, produced more oxygen, and helped the Earth’s atmosphere attain its current composition. Let’s refresh our knowledge about the atmosphere and examine the relevant verses
The atmosphere is the layer of gas surrounding the Earth. It is held in place around the Earth by gravity and does not disperse into space. The atmosphere is indispensable for the continuation of life on Earth. By providing breathable air, regulating temperature, blocking harmful rays, and enabling the water cycle, it protects our Earth like a shield,.
To briefly summarize why the atmosphere is indispensable for life: it provides the oxygen necessary for respiration. It contains carbon dioxide, which plants need for photosynthesis. It provides protection against harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. It balances the Earth’s temperature. It helps maintain water in its liquid state. It protects the Earth by burning up most small meteoroids.
It enables the water cycle to occur
How Did the Atmosphere Form?
The Early Atmosphere
When Earth formed approximately 4.54 billion years ago, it was surrounded primarily by hydrogen and helium gases. However, due to intense radiation and high temperatures from the Sun, these gases gradually escaped into space over time.
The Second Atmosphere
Intense volcanic activity deep within the Earth released large amounts of gas. These gases included water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and various other gases. As the Earth cooled, the water vapor condensed and fell to the surface as rain, combining with water from asteroids and comets arriving from space to.
The Emergence of Oxygen
Approximately 2.4 billion years ago, photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) emerged. These organisms began using carbon dioxide to produce oxygen. Over millions of years, the oxygen that accumulated in the atmosphere contributed to the formation of today’s oxygen-rich atmosphere.
About 470 million years ago, when plants spread to land, they absorbed large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and produced much more oxygen, thereby
Layers of the Atmosphere
Troposphere (0–12 km)
This is the layer where weather phenomena occur. Clouds, rain, snow, and wind form here.
Stratosphere (12–50 km)
It contains the ozone layer. It blocks most of the harmful ultraviolet rays.
Mesosphere (50–85 km)
Most meteors entering Earth’s atmosphere burn up in this layer.
Thermosphere (85–600 km)
The auroras occur in this layer.
Exosphere
This is the outermost layer where the atmosphere transitions into space.
In the Quran, Almighty Allah gives an example regarding a person venturing beyond the atmosphere; He thus instructs that a person should be aware of what might happen to them in space and should be grateful for the blessings they have been granted on Earth. This verse, which is a great miracle, is found in the Surah al-Hajj. As a side note, the literal meaning of the word “Hajj” is “to argue with evidence.” (Hajj/15)
Following the oxygenation of the atmosphere, “winds” play a major role in the oxygenation of the oceans, the formation of clouds, and, as a result, the falling of rain. In the Majestic and Detailed Qur’an, there is a miraculous sign regarding this effect of “winds.”
15:22, Surah Al-Hijr
We sent the winds as pollinators; We sent down water from the sky for you to drink and irrigate—it is not you who store it.
وَاَرْسَلْنَا الرِّيَاحَ لَوَاقِـحَ فَاَنْزَلْنَا مِنَ السَّمَٓاءِ مَٓاءً فَاَسْقَيْنَاكُمُوهُۚ وَمَٓا اَنْتُمْ لَهُ بِخَازِن۪ينَ
And We sent forth the winds as pollinators, so We sent down water from the sky and gave it to you to drink; and you are not its keepers.
When this verse is evaluated in light of current scientific findings, a great miracle becomes apparent, that Almighty Allah has endowed the winds with fertilizing properties; that rainwater—which descends from the sky and can be used as drinking water and for irrigating plants—is stored by the permission of Almighty Allah; and that this is an event beyond human capacity (since humans cannot store this water underground by their own power); and thirdly, that He separates salt from undrinkable seawater by evaporating it; that this evaporated water is carried by the winds; that it combines with dust particles and aerosols—so small they are invisible to the naked eye—brought by the winds to form clouds; and that He then sends it down to the earth as rain in the form of drinkable water.
Seawater (saltwater) heated by the sun evaporates, leaving behind its salt. It mixes with the air. However, because the water molecules are scattered throughout the air, they cannot exist as water droplets. For the water droplets that form clouds to form, very, very small dust particles are needed. These particles are carried into the air from deserts, the earth’s soil, volcanic eruptions, smoke from industrial factory chimneys, and forest fires. These particles are typically 1–100 microns in size. They are so small and light that they are carried by the wind. Winds blow over the oceans, carrying nearly countless tiny particles. These small particles gather the water molecules—which are dispersed in the air as vapor—around themselves. The wind’s role is to carry these dust particles through the air and bring them into contact with the water molecules suspended in the air, causing them to combine. This structure—with a dust particle at the center and water molecules surrounding it—is called an “aerosol.” The water in aerosols exists in a liquid state. It appears as very, very tiny water droplets.
The verse contains a reference to the storage of water that falls from the sky—that is, rainwater. Thanks to modern scientific research, we now know that rainwater seeps into the ground, where it forms vast underground aquifers. In other words, rainwater is stored underground. The points where these reservoirs emerge onto the earth’s surface are called springs. The waters emerging from these springs converge to form rivers. Almighty Allah has indicated that He Himself performs this storage and that this is a task beyond human capacity.
“Thus We have provided it for you to drink and store”; the transformation of undrinkable saltwater into fresh water suitable for drinking and irrigating plants;
When the salty seawater—which is deadly if consumed—is heated by the Sun, the saltwater evaporates and mixes with the air. However, during evaporation, the saltwater loses its salt. As described above, water molecules fertilized by dust particles carried by the wind now take the form of water droplets. They form clouds. Once again, through the wind, Almighty Allah directs this cloud to wherever He wills. He sends down the tons of fresh water contained in the cloud to the region He chooses. The water that falls is fresh and beneficial. The verse emphasizes that the process of storing this fresh water underground is beyond human capability.
Approximately 30% of the world’s fresh water is underground and is referred to as groundwater.
The distribution of fresh water on Earth is roughly as follows:
• About 69% is found frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps.
• About 30% is groundwater stored underground within soil and rock.
• About 1% is found in surface waters and other freshwater sources such as lakes, rivers, wetlands, and the atmosphere.
Therefore, the vast majority of liquid freshwater accessible to humans is actually stored in underground aquifers.
However, when considering all the water on Earth (including the oceans), groundwater accounts for only about 1% of the total water supply. The reason for this is that approximately 97% of the Earth’s water is saltwater found in the oceans. For this reason, the active role played by water vapor formed by the wind in turning into rain—and consequently in the formation of freshwater—is significant. Therefore, the sign mentioned in the verse far exceeds the knowledge of people living 1,400 years ago.
Sources
- United States Geological Survey (USGS) – The Distribution of Water on, in, and above the Earth.
- UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) – World Water Development Reports.
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) – Groundwater Management Resources.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica – Groundwater and Freshwater Resources.
- National Geographic Society – Freshwater Resources and Water Distribution.
Water can take anywhere from days to millennia to resurface once it is underground. Image from USGS.
Scientific findings have revealed that groundwater can remain stored underground for thousands of years before resurfacing.
A transformation has occurred, turning deadly saltwater into fresh and beneficial water. If there were no winds, if there were no clouds, there would be no fresh water on Earth. All water would be salty. In this verse, Almighty Allah emphasizes this great blessing.
After briefly discussing the water cycle, let us continue with a verse that highlights the protective nature of the atmosphere and how it is a great blessing that our world is shielded from the physical conditions of outer space, which would not allow life to exist
22:15, Surah Al-Hajj
Whoever thinks that Allah will never help him in this world or in the Hereafter—let him reach the heavens by some means, then sever his connection to that means, and then look with his own eyes to see if this trick—this game—will remove the cause of his anger?
مَنْ كَانَ يَظُنُّ اَنْ لَنْ يَنْصُرَهُ اللّٰهُ فِي الدُّنْيَا وَالْاٰخِرَةِ فَلْيَمْدُدْ بِسَبَبٍ اِلَى السَّمَٓاءِ ثُمَّ لْيَقْطَعْ فَلْيَنْظُرْ هَلْ يُذْهِبَنَّ كَيْدُهُ that which angers him
Men kane yezunnu en len yensurehullahu fid dunya vel ahıreti felyemdud bi sebebin iles semai summel yakta’ felyenzur hel yuzhibennekeyduhu ma yagiz
The verse mentions a person who, despite having no certain knowledge, believes that Allah will not help him in this world or the Hereafter. We understand that this person is angry about something and is rebelling.
We do not know the reason, but this person believes—either regarding a specific matter or in general—that Allah will not help him in this world or in the Hereafter; in other words, he has lost hope in Allah and has become angry over this (perhaps he is angry at Allah or rebelling against Him).
Almighty Allah says to this person:
Things are not as you think they are. There are things you cannot comprehend. Board a spacecraft, ascend into space, and reach it. Then sever your connection with the spacecraft—let’s see what you’ll witness out there in space. You will see and realize that space is a terrifying, uninhabitable place. Then you will understand the value of the Earth, the planet you live on, and the blessings and help you have been given. You will see that you have already been helped.
The truth is this: Almighty Allah provides countless forms of help to humankind, even if they are unaware of it. The conditions provided for life on Earth are proof of this. Almighty Allah has provided us with the means to live in a place as incredibly dangerous as outer space.
What happens to a person who steps outside a spacecraft and is left face-to-face with outer space?
- Due to the lack of pressure in space—where the pressure on Earth, this beautiful planet we live on, is 1 bar (101.3 kPa), whereas in outer space it is 1.322 ×10⁻¹¹Pa— This is because there is no air in space. Consequently, a person in space without protection would experience the air inside their internal organs being forced outward.
- Because of the lack of air in space, you cannot breathe
- The extreme temperature variations in space: there are vast temperature differences depending on whether one is exposed to the Sun or not. For a person unprotected outside a spacecraft, the side facing the Sun would reach 123 degrees, while the side not facing the Sun would drop to -170 degrees.
- Space is filled with harmful cosmic rays; one of the greatest threats to a person outside a spacecraft is the harmful cosmic rays emanating from the Sun. These rays damage human DNA and cause cancer.
- Anyone left unprotected in space would die a terrible death within seconds.
Space is such a dangerous and deadly place that survival is possible only with very special suits. The verse advises anyone who says, “Allah will not help me in this world or the Hereafter,” to venture out into the void of space. Of course, it is impossible for them to go there. They would die instantly. The fact that 1,400 years ago, it was known that human survival in space was impossible—and that this was explained using such an example—is not something any human could have fabricated; it is a miracle of the Quran.
Now that we’re on the subject, let’s share another Quranic miracle related to the atmosphere—something people in the middle of the desert 1,400 years ago could not have known.
6:125, Surah Al-An’am
Indeed, whoever Allah wills—whom He guides to the right path—He opens his heart to Islam; and whoever He wills—whom He leads astray—He makes his heart constricted, as if it were in the heavens; such is the way Allah inflicts punishment upon those who do not believe.
So whoever Allah wills to guide, He opens his heart to Islam; and whoever He wills to lead astray, He makes his heart constricted and narrow, as if he were climbing up into the sky; such isThus does Allah cast impurity upon those who do not believe
So whoever Allah wills to guide, He opens his heart to Islam; and whoever He wills to mislead, He makes his heart constricted and constricted, as if he were climbing into the sky. Thus does Allah place defilement upon those who do not believe
First, let’s look at the literal meanings of the words:
The word *sadrahu* is derived from the root meaning “chest.” Hans Wehr, 4th ed., page 592 (of 1303)
The word “deyyikan” is derived from a root meaning tightness, narrowness, restriction, paucity, and anxiety. Hans Wehr, 4th ed., page 641 (of 1303)
The word “haracen” is derived from a root meaning “tight, narrow,” “to be straitened,” and “to be oppressed.” Hans Wehr, 4th ed., page 195 (of 1303)
The root of the word “yesaaadu” means “to rise,” “to go up,” “to lift off,” and “to climb.” Hans Wehr, 4th ed., page 600 (of 1303)
There is a great miracle in this verse. Almighty Allah has revealed that He makes the chests of those He wishes to leave in misguidance tight, restricted, limited, and inadequate, as if they were rising toward the heavens, and that He also constricts them.
What changes occur inside the chest of a person ascending to the heavens?
The first change in a person ascending to the heavens occurs in the lungs. As one ascends toward the heavens, the pressure and density of the inhaled air decrease. The air becomes thinner. Consequently, the amount of oxygen inhaled also decreases.
Fluid accumulates in the lungs of a person ascending to high altitudes. This is called high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). It is a very dangerous condition that can occur when people living at normal altitudes ascend to high altitudes in a short period of time (especially among mountaineers).
The elasticity of the lungs is called “pulmonary compliance.” A normal lung possesses a certain degree of elasticity, allowing a person to breathe comfortably. When fluid accumulates in the lungs (HAPE), the lungs lose their elasticity. This situation can be likened to a balloon that has thickened and is difficult to inflate. Lungs that cannot expand become tighter, more restricted, more limited, and less functional—just like the word “deyyikan” in the verse. Almighty Allah has chosen this word so masterfully that it also conveys the meanings of anxiety and worry.
Indeed, “high-altitude pulmonary edema” (HAPE), which develops in a person ascending to high altitudes, causes severe anxiety and worry due to the difficulty it creates in breathing.
For scholars, the use of the word “Haracen” in the verse is also miraculous. When we examine its meaning, it is understood to refer to physically constricting something.
As a person ascends into the sky, the air they breathe becomes thinner, reducing the amount of oxygen they take in. Fluid accumulates in the lungs (acute pulmonary edema). This fluid buildup reduces the lungs’ elasticity. The lungs become tight, stiff, restricted, and inadequate. In addition, all the pulmonary arteries constrict.
SubhanALLAH, how could a human being who lived 1,400 years ago so clearly describe the changes in the lungs of a person ascending into the sky?
Our Almighty ALLAH, through His Sunnatullah (Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Embryology…), has prepared a planet (our Earth) orbiting a star (our Sun) in the Milky Way Galaxy for the creation of humankind, in the sequence I have very briefly summarized above at.
Those who wish to examine the scientific miracles in the Quran in detail, along with their evidence, can watch the lessons on the “kuranmucizeler” channel on YouTube and also benefit from the websites kuranmucizeler. com and asronspace. net.
Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, knows best.
An Analysis of Verse 13 of Surah Ar-Rahman
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
55/13 Surah Ar-Rahman, Verse 13
So which of your Lord’s blessings will you both (humans and jinn) deny?
فَبِاَيِّ اٰلَٓاءِ رَبِّكُمَا تُكَذِّبَانِ
Fe bi eyyi alai rabbikuma tukezziban
The 13th verse of Surah Ar-Rahman, which follows the first 12 verses describing how Almighty Allah bestows blessings upon humans and jinn, is repeated 31 times within the same surah.
(Please note that the numbers 13 and 31 are mirror images of each other; this will be important later in the text.)
In the verses up to the 13th verse, the Almighty Allah has stated the following:
55:1
The Most Merciful.
اَلرَّحْمٰنُۙ
Al-Rahman.
55/2
He taught the Qur’an.
He taught the Qur’an.
He taught the Qur’an.
55:3
He created man.
He created man.
He created man.
55:4
He taught him eloquence.
He taught him eloquence.
He taught him eloquence.
55/5
The sun and the moon move according to a calculated course
اَلشَّمْسُ وَالْقَمَرُ بِحُسْبَانٍۖ
Eş şemsu vel kameru bi husban.
55/6
The stars and the cosmic tree—both of them prostrate themselves.
And the star and the tree both prostrate themselves.
And the star and the tree—both prostrate.
55/7
And the sky—He raised it and established the balance.
And the sky—He raised it and established the balance.
Ves semae refeaha ve vedaal mizan.
55/8
So do not transgress the limits of the balance
اَلَّا تَطْغَوْا فِي الْم۪يزَانِ
Ella tatgav fil mizan.
55/9
Maintain the scales with justice. Do not shortchange the measure.
وَاَق۪يمُوا الْوَزْنَ بِالْقِسْطِ وَلَا تُخْسِرُوا الْم۪يزَانَ
And uphold the scales with justice, and do not shortchange the scales.
55/10
And the earth—He prepared it for all living creatures
وَالْاَرْضَ وَضَعَهَا لِلْاَنَامِۙ
And a farewell to the creatures.
55:11
There are date palms with clusters of fruit.
In it are fruits, and date palms with clusters of dates
Fiha fakihetun vennahlu zatul ekmam.
55/12
And grain, with its stalks and leaves, and basil
And the grain with its stalks and leaves, and the basil.
Vel habbu zul asfi ver reyhan.
In this verse, after a reference to Allah’s name “Ar-Rahman,”
His teaching of the Quran (55:2),
His creation of humankind (55:3),
His endowing of humans with the ability to articulate (to think and to explain and express their thoughts) (55:4),
the formation of the Sun and the Moon according to a precise calculation (78:5),
the soul and the Cosmic Web (55:6),
The elevation of the universe and the balance (measure) in the workings of the universe (55:7),
The preservation of balance, and the avoidance of exceeding the measure (55:8)
The prohibition of cheating on the scales, exceeding the measure in trade, and the principle of justice (55:9)
The creation of the Earth and its preparation for living beings (55:10),
The creation of plants and living beings on Earth (55:10–12)
After giving these signs, Almighty Allah states the following in verse 55:13:
فَبِاَيِّ اٰلَٓاءِ رَبِّكُمَا تُكَذِّبَانِ
Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân.
So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
Almighty Allah has repeated this verse exactly 31 times in the Surah Ar-Rahman; the verse numbers in order are:
| 1 | 4912|55|13|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 2 | 4915|55|16|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 3 | 4917|55|18|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 4 | 4920|55|21|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 5 | 4922|55|23|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 6 | 4924|55|25|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 7 | 4927|55|28|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 8 | 4929|55|30|So which of the bounties of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 9 | 4931|55|32|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 10 | 4933|55|34|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 11 | 4935|55|36|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 12 | 4937|55|38|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 13 | 4939|55|40|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 14 | 4941|55|42|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 15 | 4944|55|45|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 16 | 4944|55|47|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 17 | 4948|55|49|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 18 | 4950|55|51|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 19 | 4952|55|53|So which of the bounties of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 20 | 4954|55|55|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 21 | 4956|55|57|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 22 | 4958|55|59|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 23 | 4960|55|61|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 24 | 4962|55|63|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 25 | 4964|55|65|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 26 | 4966|55|67|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 27 | 4968|55|69|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 28 | 4970|55|71|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 29 | 4972|55|73|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 30 | 4974|55|75|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
| 31 | 4976|55|77|So which of the blessings of your Lord do you deny? Fe bi eyyi âlâi rabbikumâ tukezzibân. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny? |
Why is it repeated 31 times?
In Surah Ar-Rahman, where this verse is repeated 31 times, Almighty Allah emphasizes the blessings He has bestowed, and these blessings must be connected to the number 31.
Our universe and everything within it are blessings from Almighty Allah.
Galaxies, black holes, stars (sun-like stars, red giants, white dwarfs, neutron stars, etc.), planets, planetary moons, all elements in the periodic table, living species on planets, plants, and humans—in short, all matter in the universe, the four fundamental forces (gravity, electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force), and most importantly, light—are all blessings from Almighty Allah. Everything that exists in the universe is a blessing from Almighty Allah
Almighty Allah created the universe and all the blessings that comprise it from 31 elementary particles.
All matter in the universe is composed of atoms. With the advancement of modern physics, it was understood that atoms are composed of neutrons and protons in the atomic nucleus and electrons orbiting the nucleus. It was also demonstrated that neutrons and protons are composed of quarks.
At CERN, the most advanced particle physics laboratory, particles are collided with one another to determine what they are made of. This can be likened to smashing a clock against a wall and then examining what it is made of.
Following experiments in particle physics, it has been determined that our universe is composed of a total of 31 elementary particles. In other words, Almighty Allah created everything in our universe—all the blessings He has bestowed—using a total of 31 elementary particles. An “elementary particle” is a particle that cannot be divided into smaller parts.
These 31 distinct, smallest particles combine to form the entire universe and everything within it. These 31 distinct, smallest particles cannot be divided into smaller parts. For this reason, they are referred to as elementary particles. For example, a proton is not an elementary particle because it is composed of three quarks. However, a quark is an elementary particle because it is not composed of smaller particles.
Now let’s examine these 31 elementary particles;
The image below shows all 31 elementary particles along with their symbols.
These 31 elementary particles can be classified into two main categories.
These two classes are fermions and bosons.
There are a total of 31 fermions and bosons, 24 of which are each other’s antiparticles. In other words, they are pairs. They form particle-antiparticle pairs. In the terminology of the Quran, in “l-ezvace” الْأَزْوَاجَ (Surah Yasin/36), Almighty Allah states,
“He is the One who creates pairs from what the earth produces, from themselves, and from things they cannot know; He is the Glorified One.”
“He creates pairs even from things they cannot know,” says the Almighty Allah. This means there are other pairs created by our Lord that we will never know, but our Lord has shown us the pairs among the 31 Fundamental Particles. Antiparticles are the “mirror image” of particles; do not forget the symmetry of (13–31). 13 and 31 are also mirror images of each other; our repeating verse, which begins in the 13th verse, is repeated a total of 31 times. This is how our Lord gives signs.
1. Fermions
Particles in the fermion group are those that follow Fermi-Dirac statistics in particle physics. In other words, as demonstrated by Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac, these are particles that can occupy only one quantum state at a given time.
Fermions are divided into two groups: leptons and quarks
a. Leptons
Leptons are particles that do not interact strongly with other particles.
Note that for each of the 6 lepton particles, there is a corresponding antiparticle.
Leptons (12 in total)
| No | Name | Symbol | No | Name | Symbol | Spin | Charge (e) | Mass (MeV/c²) |
| 1 | Electron | e− | 7 | Antielectron | e+ | 1 ⁄2 | −1 | 0.511 |
| 2 | Electron neutrino | νe | 8 | Antielectron neutrino | ν−e | 1 ⁄2 | 0 | < 0.0000022 |
| 3 | Muon | μ− | 9 | Antimuon | μ+ | 1 ⁄2 | −1 | 105.7 |
| 4 | Muon neutrino | νμ | 10 | Antimuon neutrino | ν−μ | 1 ⁄2 | 0 | < 0.170 |
| 5 | Tau | τ− | 11 | Anti-Tau | τ+ | 1 ⁄2 | −1 | 1,776.86 ± 0.12 |
| 6 | Tau neutrino | ντ | 12 | Anti-tau neutrino | ν−τ | 1 ⁄2 | 0 | < 15.5 |
b. Quarks
These are elementary particles that interact strongly with one another.
Quarks (12 in total)
| No | Name | Symbol | No | Name | Symbol | Spin | Charge (e) | Mass (MeV/c²) |
| 13 | Up | u | 19 | Anti-Up | u− | 1 ⁄2 | +2 ⁄3 | 2.2+0.6 −0.4 |
| 14 | Down | d | 20 | Anti-Down | d− | 1 ⁄2 | −1 ⁄3 | 4.6+0.5 −0.4 |
| 15 | Charm | c | 21 | Anti-Charm | c− | 1 ⁄2 | +2 ⁄3 | 1.280±30 |
| 16 | Strange | s | 22 | Anti-Strange | s− | 1 ⁄2 | −1 ⁄3 | 96+8 −4 |
| 17 | Top | t | 23 | Anti-Top (Top) | t− | 1 ⁄2 | +2 ⁄3 | 173,100±600 |
| 18 | Bottom | b | 24 | Anti-Alt (Bottom) | b− | 1 ⁄2 | −1 ⁄3 | 4,180+40 −30 |
Note that for every 6 quark particles, there are 6 corresponding antiparticles.
In this way, both leptons and quarks form pairs; they form a total of 6 pairs of particles and 6 pairs of antiparticles (counter-particles).
Please pay close attention to the symmetry and pairing of particles and antiparticles (Yasin/36, Zariyat/49)
For example, the antiparticle of the electron is the antielectron, or positron; the positron has the same quantum properties as the electron, and their masses are the same, but the positron has a positive charge (+). This mirror-image relationship applies to every fermion particle. SubhanALLAH
2. Bosons
In particle physics, bosons are particles that obey Bose-Einstein condensation. Unlike fermions, which follow Fermi-Dirac statistics, different bosons can occupy the same quantum state. Thus, bosons with the same energy can occupy the same space. Therefore, although the distinction between the two concepts is not strictly defined in particle physics, fermions are generally associated with matter, while bosons are often force-carrying particles.
Bosons (6 types)
| No | Name | Symbol | No | Name | Antiparticle | Spin | Charge (e) | Mass (GeV/c²) |
| 25 | Photon | γ | – | – | Itself | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 26 | W boson | W− | 30 | Anti-W boson | W+ | 1 | −1 | 80.385±0.015 |
| 27 | Z boson | Z | – | – | Itself | 1 | 0 | 91.1875±0.0021 |
| 28 | Gluon | g | – | – | Itself | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 29 | Higgs boson | H0 | – | – | Itself | 0 | 0 | 125.09 ± 0.24 |
| No | Name | Symbol | Antiparticle | Spin | Charge (e) | Mass (GeV/c²) |
| 31 | Graviton | G | Itself | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Mathematics is the language of our universe and is always one step ahead of physics. Certain entities in our universe—such as black holes, antimatter, and the Higgs boson—were mathematically proven in formulas decades before they were physically verified. At the CERN laboratory, the 30 fundamental particles I listed above—excluding the graviton—have been experimentally observed, and their existence has been definitively proven. The existence of the graviton, which carries gravity, has been proven through mathematical models, and particle physicists have accepted the existence of the graviton.
The detection of gravitational waves by the LIGO laboratory has confirmed the existence of the graviton. Mathematical models have determined that the graviton has a mass of (< 6×10−32 eV/c²) and a spin of 2.
God willing, the graviton, like the Higgs boson, will soon be definitively detected in a laboratory setting at CERN.
The Turkish Translation of Surah Ar-Rahman
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
55:1. The Most Gracious.
55:2. He taught the Qur’an.
55:3. He created man.
55:4. He taught him eloquence.
55:5. The sun and the moon run by a calculated course.
55:6. The star (Sirius) and the cosmic web (the cosmic tree)—both prostrate themselves.
55:7. And the heavens—He raised them up and established order.
55:8. So do not exceed the measure
55:9. Uphold the scales with justice. Do not shortchange the measure.
55:10. And the earth—He prepared it for living creatures
55:11. There are date palms with clusters of fruit.
55:12. And grain, leafy plants, and basil
55:13. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:14. He created man from salsal—dry clay baked like pottery.
55:15. And He created the jinn from a flame without smoke.
55:16. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:17. He is the Lord of the two Easts and the two Wests.
55:18. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:19. He has set the two seas free to meet one another.
55:20. There is a barrier between them; they do not cross one another’s boundaries or mix.
55:21. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:22. From both of them come pearls and coral.
55:23. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:24. The ships that sail the sea, built like mountains, belong to Him.
55:25. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:26. Everyone on it will perish.
55:27. The only One who endures is your Lord, the Possessor of Majesty (the Majestic, the Magnificent, the Exalted) and Generosity (the Honorable, the Most Generous).
55:28. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:29. All that is in the heavens and on earth seeks His favor. He is engaged in a work of glory every day (at every moment, continuously, in a state of constant creation).
55:30. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:31. O two great groups! We will soon settle accounts with you!
55:32. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:33. O communities of jinn and humans! If you have the power to cross beyond the heavens and the earth, then go ahead and cross. But you cannot cross without permission.
55:34. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:35. A flame of fire and smoke will be sent down upon you both, and you will not be able to help one another.
55:36. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:37. When the sky splits apart and turns into molten copper the color of red roses;
55:38. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:39. On that Day, neither humans nor jinn will be asked about their wrongdoings.
55:40. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:41. The wrongdoers will be recognized by their faces. They will be seized by their foreheads and their feet.
55:42. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:43. This is Hell, which the wrongdoers have denied.
55:44. They will wander back and forth between it and boiling water.
55:45. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:46. There are two Gardens for those who fear their Lord’s presence.
55:47. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:48. Both have all kinds of trees.
55:49. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:50. In both there are two flowing springs.
55:51. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:52. In both there are all kinds of fruits in pairs.
55:53. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:54. They recline on cushions lined with thick silk. The fruits of the two Gardens are within easy reach.
55:55. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:56. There are spouses there whom neither human nor jinn has touched before, and who have turned their gaze away from others.
55:57. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:58. They are like rubies and pearls.
55:59. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:60. Can the reward for good be anything other than good?
55:61. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:62. Besides these two, there are two more Gardens.
55:63. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:64. Both are lush and green.
55:65. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:66. In both there are two gushing springs.
55:67. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:68. In both there are fruits, dates, and pomegranates.
55:69. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:70. In both there are blessings and bounties.
55:71. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:72. In the tents are protected houris (with large eyes).
55:73. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:74. No human or jinn has ever touched them before.
55:75. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:76. They recline on green cushions upon the finest beds.
55:77. So which of your Lord’s blessings do you two deny?
55:78. How exalted is the name of your Lord, the Possessor of Majesty (the Majestic, the Magnificent, the Exalted) and Generosity (the Honorable, the Most Generous).
Who are the two groups mentioned by our Lord in Surah Ar-Rahman, which is repeated 31 times?
In the opening verses of the Surah al-Jinn, it was stated that a group of jinn who listened to the Qur’an were moved by it, found the right path, and declared that they would never associate partners with Allah; this means that the jinn, just like humans, are also addressed by the commands and prohibitions of the Qur’an.
Surah Al-Jinn, Verse 72:1
Say: “It has been revealed to me that a group of jinn listened and then said, ‘We have indeed heard an amazing Qur’an.’”
قُلْ اُو۫حِيَ اِلَيَّ اَنَّهُ اسْتَمَعَ نَفَرٌ مِنَ الْجِنِّ فَقَالُٓوا اِنَّا سَمِعْنَا قُرْاٰناً عَجَباًۙ
Kul uhıye ileyye ennehustemea neferun minel cinni fe kalu inna semi’na kur’anen aceba.
72:2 Surah Al-Jinn
“It guides to the right path in every matter; we have believed in it. We will certainly not associate anyone with our Lord.”
It guides to the right path, so we have believed in it, and we will never associate anyone with our Lord.
Yehdi ilâ al-ruşd, fa-âmennâ bih, wa lâ nuşrik bi-Rabbinâ ahadâ.
In the final verse of the “Nas” Surah—the last surah of our Qur’an—“humans and jinn” are mentioned together; “the very last verse of our Qur’an” is undoubtedly a sign from our Exalted Allah.
The Qur’an, which begins with “Bismillahir-Rahmanir-Rahim,” ends with “humans and jinn.”
114:6 Surah An-Nas
“From among the jinn and mankind.”
مِنَ الْجِنَّةِ وَالنَّاسِ
Minel cinneti ven nas
Almighty Allah gives a significant indication through the pronouns in these two words in this verse. The phrases “Rabbikuma” (your Lord) and “tukezziban” (you deny) clearly show us that there are two groups being addressed.
Arabic grammar differs slightly from Turkish. Pronouns come in singular, dual, and plural (three or more) forms. In other words, when translated into Turkish, they become “you” (singular), “the two of you” (dual), and “you all” (plural).
Almighty Allah clearly points to two groups (humans and jinn) and asks which of the blessings He has bestowed upon them they could possibly deny.
To find the answer to this, Surah Ar-Rahman should be read very carefully.
The word (ٱلْجَآنَّ) “canne” derives from the root (جنن), which means “to hide,” “to conceal,” “to cover,” or “to veil.” Hans Wehr, 4th ed., page 164 (of 1303)
Words such as “cennet” (covered in greenery), “cenin” (hidden in the mother’s womb, unseen), and “cinnet geçirmek-mecnun” (the veiling of the mind) are derived from this root.
It becomes clear that the defining characteristic of Group 2 is that these are invisible beings.
To summarize:
The characteristics of the invisible, hidden beings mentioned in the Surah al-Rahman are as follows:
They live in the same universe as humans. In fact, they live on the same earth. (References to the universe and the earth in 55:7 and 55:10 (+))
55:7 And the sky—He raised it up and established its measure (order).
55:10 And the earth—He prepared it for living beings.
They are hidden, invisible, imperceptible, veiled, and concealed. For this reason, the Almighty ALLAH has named them “canne.”
Just as humans cannot perceive them, they cannot perceive humans either. In other words, even if they were living in the same universe and even on the same planet as humans, the realms they inhabit are different and separate from one another because there is a barrier between them. There can be no contact between these two realms. In both of these realms, there are blessings bestowed by the Almighty Allah. For example, two seas.
55:19 “He has let the two seas (abundant water) flow toward one another.
55:20 “There is a barrier between them; they do not cross each other’s boundaries or mix.”
It is also stated in “Surah Al-Jinn, Verse 8” that the realms of the jinn and humans are separate and that the two groups cannot reach one another even if they wished to.
72:8 Surah Al-Jinn
“Indeed, we sought to reach the heavens, but we found it guarded by formidable guardians and filled with fire.”
وَاَنَّا لَمَسْنَا السَّمَٓاءَ فَوَجَدْنَاهَا مُلِئَتْ حَرَساً شَد۪يداً وَشُهُباًۙ
Ve enna le mesnes semae fe vecednaha muliet haresen şediden ve şuhuba.
The word “haresen” means “protected.” It informs us that there is no passage between the human and jinn realms.
There is also an emphasis on parallel universes in Verse 104 of Surah Al-Anbiya. Our Lord has clearly stated in Verse 21:104 that He will roll up the sky as one rolls up a scroll and restore it to its state at the time of its initial creation. We immediately understand that Our Lord has declared the sky to be a created entity that is restored and returned to its original state. The sky encompasses everything we can and cannot see when we look up.
From the verse, we understand that the universe and parallel universes are being referred to. This means that the universes are not currently as they were when first created. At present, they are spread out like an open book. Since books are flat, we understand that our universe and the parallel universes are flat. (The flatness of our universe has been scientifically proven; it has been demonstrated by the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, galaxy distributions, and supernova measurements.) It is flat like a book. Our universe and the parallel universes are 13.8 billion years old. They were created 13.8 billion years ago from nothing—not even the point we know as a singularity.
Our Lord will once again fold these flat universes back into a singularity.
21:104, Surah Al-Anbiya
On that Day, We will roll up the sky as one rolls up the pages of a book. We will recreate it just as We first created it. This is a promise from Us. Undoubtedly, We will fulfill Our promise.
يَوْمَ نَطْوِي السَّمَٓاءَ كَطَيِّ السِّجِلِّ لِلْكُتُبِۜ كَمَا بَدَأْنَٓا اَوَّلَ خَلْقٍ نُع۪يدُهُۜ وَعْداً عَلَيْنَاۜ اِنَّا كُنَّا فَاعِل۪ينَ
Yevme natvis semae ke tayyis sicilli lil kutub, kema bede’na evvele halkın nuiduh, va’den aleyna, inna kunna faılin
In the Qur’an, Almighty Allah has bestowed many blessings upon both groups. (From both seas come the blessings of Almighty Allah.)
55:22 “From both come pearls and coral.” Both realms have been blessed.
55:15. And He created the jinn from a smokeless fire.
The raw materials from which they were created differ from those of humans. They were created from a penetrating, smokeless, pure energy source. What could this smokeless, pure energy possibly be?
At this point, keeping the “mirror image” sign from verses 13–31 in mind, let us recall the mirror-image particles once more and draw our scientific conclusion:
The jinn may have been created from symmetrical/mirror-image particles—the mirror images of the 31 fundamental elements based on the quark-gluon plasma from which humans were created (in the Quran, the liquid quark-gluon plasma was mentioned in Hud Sura, Verse 7)—and are composed of electron-based energy. The greatest difference between us and them, as I explained in my article titled “The Creation of Humans and Their Responsibilities,” is that humans possess intelligence, piety, and wickedness, whereas jinn possess only intelligence and wickedness. Consequently, jinn act solely in their own self-interest; they pay no heed to shame, sin, or conscience.
55:24 “To Him belong the ships that sail through the sea, built like mountains.”
In verse 19, the Almighty Allah refers to the universes inhabited by both humans and jinn as “seas,” and in verse 24, He points to the ships within these universes that are like mountains. These ships may refer to “galaxies.” Galaxies are like mountain-like ships in the sea of the universe and, similarly, float within dark energy.
The jinn are accountable, just like humans. They bear a burden. Just as the Almighty Allah puts humans to the test, He also subjects them to testing. They will be held to account.
55:31. O two great groups! Soon We will settle your accounts!
55:26. Everyone upon it will perish.
When the time comes, everyone in the places where they live will perish. Our Lord is the Everlasting One.
They can only cross beyond the heavens and the earth if granted permission to do so. If they attempt to cross without being granted permission, a flame of fire and smoke will be sent down upon both humans and these invisible creatures. These invisible beings and humans cannot help one another. (This also supports the fact that they live in the same universe and on the same earth.)
55:33 O communities of jinn and humans! If you have the power to cross beyond the heavens and the earth, then go ahead and cross. But you cannot cross without being granted permission.
55:35. A flame of fire and smoke is sent down upon both of you, and you cannot help one another.
In the realm of unseen creatures, there is also one east and one west. This means that their world is similar to Earth, and they live on a spherical planet. This planet must revolve around a sun-like star and rotate on its own axis for there to be an east and a west.
55:17 He is the Lord of the two Easts and the two Wests.
When the universe ceases to exist, they, like humans, will perish and will be resurrected on the Day of Judgment.
55:37. When the sky splits apart and turns into molten copper the color of red roses;
Allah, the Exalted, will hold them to account just as He holds humans to account. (He will seize them by their foreheads and feet.)
We may surmise that humans are seized by their foreheads because the frontal cortex—which governs thought and decision-making—is located immediately below the forehead region. (In the Surah Al-Alaq, the Almighty Allah also decreed that He would seize humans by their foreheads; the place where humans make decisions is the forehead region of the brain—Surah Al-Alaq, verses 15–16.) It is reasonable to assume that the mention of the jinn’s feet stems from the same reason.
96:15 Surah Al-Alaq
No, certainly not! If we truly seize him by the forehead, by the frontal lobe of his brain
كَلَّا لَئِنْ لَمْ يَنْتَهِ۬ لَنَسْفَعاً بِالنَّاصِيَةِۙ
Kella le in lem yentehi le nesfean bin nasıyeh
96/16 Surah Al-Alaq
That lying and sinful frontal lobe.
A lying, sinful forehead.
A lying, sinful forehead.
55:31 “O two great groups! We will soon settle accounts with you!”
55:41. The guilty will be recognized by their faces. They will be seized by their foreheads and feet.
Just as people enter Hell because of their evil deeds, so too will these invisible beings enter Hell because of the evil they have committed.
55:43. This is the Hell that the sinners have denied.
55:44. They will wander back and forth between it and boiling water.
Just as people will enter Paradise for what they have done, so too will these unseen beings enter Paradise.
55:46. There are two Paradises for those who fear their Lord’s throne.
55:62. Besides these two, there are two more Paradises.
51:49 Surah Al-Zariyat
We have created everything in pairs so that you may take heed.
وَمِنْ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ خَلَقْنَا زَوْجَيْنِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَذَكَّرُونَ
Ve min kulli şey’in halakna zevceyni leallekum tezekkerun.
36:36 Surah Yasin
He is the One who creates pairs from what the earth produces, from themselves, and from things they cannot know—Glory be to Him.
Glory be to Him who created all pairs—from what the earth produces, from themselves, and from things they do not know.
Subhan-Allahi al-Ladhi halakal al-azwaja kulla-ha mimma tunbitul-ardu wa min anfusihim wa mimma la ya’lamun.
Glory be to Allah,
When these verses are considered, it immediately becomes clear that just as humanity has been given 31 fundamental particles, unseen beings have also been given 31 fundamental particles. The 31 fundamental particles given to humans and the 31 fundamental particles given to unseen entities are exactly the same. However, they are mirror images of one another. They are symmetrical. In physics, this phenomenon is called supersymmetry. The exact pairs, counterparts, mirror images, and symmetrical counterparts of the 31 fundamental particles that make up everything (the blessings) in the universe we see have been granted to this unseen realm. The Quran emphasized this mirror-image symmetry—which is repeated 31 times—beginning precisely with the 13th verse: the 13-31 Mirror Image.
In other words, 31 fundamental particles have been assigned to humans (invisible to unseen beings), and 31 fundamental particles have been assigned to unseen beings (invisible to humans).
Could there be evidence of this realm where unseen beings live?
Is there something in our universe that we cannot see but know exists through indirect evidence—something different from the matter we observe?
The answer is yes. There is this invisible matter—which physicists cannot detect even with their advanced instruments but which, based on mathematical models, must exist in our universe. This matter is not like the matter we know. That is why we call it dark matter.
Modern science has now determined, through mathematical models and experimental calculations, that dark matter makes up 27% of the universe. Visible matter—which makes up planets, stars, galaxies, and living beings—accounts for only 5% of the universe. Dark matter plays another very, very important role: it causes galaxies in our universe to cluster and, so to speak, helps stars, galaxies, and planets form by maintaining the order of visible matter.
Dark matter is responsible for the formation of the cosmic web. The cosmic web was alluded to in verse 55:6.
Why is it called “dark matter”?
Actually, it has nothing to do with darkness. This matter definitely exists, but we cannot detect it with any of the advanced devices we have at our disposal. Furthermore, it does not interact with anything made of matter like us. There is a barrier, a veil, between ordinary matter and dark matter. They do not interact with each other at all. That is why it is called dark matter—not because its color is dark.
Although it’s still at the hypothesis stage, it’s thought that dark matter is composed of fundamental particles just like our ordinary matter. In fact, it’s speculated that the particles making up dark matter are the symmetrical counterparts—mirror images or twins—of the particles that make up our ordinary matter. This is called “Supersymmetric Dark Matter.”
It is thought that there are dark quarks and dark anti-quarks that are exact mirror images of quarks and anti-quarks. It is also thought that photons exist in the dark realm as dark photons, in a perfectly symmetrical manner.
In short, right next to the material universe we see with our eyes (almost adjacent to it), there exists an invisible, composed of dark matter, dark light, dark gravity, dark weak and dark strong nuclear forces, dark quarks and dark antiquarks, dark leptons and dark antileptons, and a dark Higgs boson. Right here within our own universe. Nowhere else.
Even though we cannot see dark matter, it exists in our universe and is passing through us right now.
The Surah Rahman provides significant signs regarding the creation and functioning of the universe. In this surah, which refers to two groups, it is stated that 31 fundamental particles were given to each group. These 31 fundamental particles given to humanity have formed the universe we live in and see. The 31 dark, supersymmetric fundamental particles given to the unseen beings, on the other hand, form their realm. It is emphasized through examples that while blessings have been bestowed upon these two groups, there is a barrier—a separation—between them, and therefore they do not intermingle. It is stated that these beings are conscious entities with a sense of responsibility.
Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, knows best.
Note: To watch a video showcasing the miracle of the 31 repetitions in verse 13 of Surah Ar-Rahman, click the link below:
You can also access the video on YouTube under “Kuranmucizeler Lesson 15.”
